Classification Of Forests By Functions Environmental Sciences Essay

woodwinds play a critical function in the increase and in guaranting environmental sustainability of the deposit. Besides providing wood wreak merchandises for economic development, wood take bulge out anyways contribute importantly to cut downing inundation and storm amendss by keeping and ch production lineing piddle flows, providing H2O for production and support activities, extenuating erodings, landslides, and kick in frontwarding hydroelectricity. Forests in any event heighten clime control, con act biodiversity and familial resources, and supply chances for eco-tourism and alfresco diversion. Forests besides h grey-headed a implicationant portion in the humans s clime by absorbing and hive awaying C in that locationof cut downing planetary hotness. Franklin D. Roosevelt, one of the greatest work forces in the US history has said A state that destroys its dirts destroys itself. Forests are the lungs of our land, sublimating the air and giving sweetened streng th to our slew . In Viet Nam, a state that the bulk of cosmos distillery depends on agribusiness, forestry significantly contributes to sustainable, economic growing, stabilisation of society. However, as the state grows economically, the demand for forestry additions quickly, therefore influences the biodiversity all(prenominal) bit full(a) as the ecosystem. This essay will show the function of wood in Vietnam, so travel on to the categorization of wood and eventually expound key issues that impacting timberland and forestry.Discussion of findingsFunctions of timberlandAs the cancel woodland are greatly of import to the state, the functions of wood in Vietnam are shown in assorted facets.Forests are author of nutrient. In many mans of the state, especially virtually distant countries, woods play an of import portion in human nutrient supply. homophile nutrient from woods can be classified into 2 question groups workss and animate beings origin. The group of workss in cludes gathered fruits, seed, foli sequences and mushroom. Because of the inborn growing, workss nutrients are exclusively fresh and incorporate a high degree of foods such as saccharides, fructose and another(prenominal) micronutrients, vitamins and minerals, for case ( Agriculture and Consumer rampart Department 1996 ) . In rough instances, seeds or olives and palm fruits can be pressed to buzz off forth vegetable oils, which is highly healthy for human by incorporating a super figure of Calories and no cholesterin ( Simpson & A Ogorzaly 1995, p.315 ) . The 2nd group, carnal nutrients, includes insects, larvae and hunt down animate beings.Forests are commencement exercise of medical specialty Since the early age of human history, workss lead been proved to be particularly utile for discussion diseases. Many remedies for black diseases were originated from workss ( Simpson & A Ogorzaly 1995, p.376 ) . These yearss in Vietnam, wild workss are still considered as the ch ief medicative beginning for pharmaceutical industry. It is possible in the taut hereafter that more utile botanical drugs, will be found as different workss are tested ( Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department 1996 ) .Forests are the chief stuff beginnings. In Vietnam, forests h disused an indwelling portion in providing stuff for human. Wood harvested from plantations is the chief stuff beginning for edifice houses and bring forthing domestic equipment. Forests besides provide natural gestate for forest merchandise processing industry and firewood for dependent cultural minorities in cragged countries ( Tien & A whiplash 2008 ) .Forests encourage home grounds. Forests provide entertain for human life and wildlife. They have an highly ecological map with the environment. Forests significantly take portion in doing the clime equable, minimising negative effects of inundations and battling eroding. Harmonizing to Tien & A Thong ( 2008 ) , forest s part in keeping the stableness and birthrate of land dirt is undeniable. It is estimated that the sum of dirt eroding where close woods are unattached is equal to merely 10 % of those topographical points without woods.Forests provide relaxation and amusement with fresh air and a cool atmosphere, woods are perfects finishs for those seeking for peaceable topographic points to loosen up in holidaies, avoiding pollution and bad effects from noisy urban countries ( Tien and Thong 2008 ) .Coastal safeguard woods contribute to protect the state s sea seashore, particularly mangrove woods. They are really utile for masking piece moving ridges, air current, storms and sea invasion. Many studies about function of woods in the defence against tsunami have been done after the atrocious tsunami in December 26th, 2004 caused the decease of 100s of 1000s people in assorted states in Asia and Africa. Shuto ( 1987, cited in Latief and Hadi 2007 ) said thatForests may cut down tsunami impact and asserted that a w ood is stiff for several(prenominal) grounds 1 ) it stops driftwood and other jetsam 2 ) it reduces H2O flow speed and flood deepness 3 ) it provides a life-saving trap for people swept off land by a tsunami run-down and 4 ) it amasses wind-blown sand and create dunes, which serve as a natural barriers against tsunamis.Forests play an of import function in C segregation and storage. Forests contribute unusually to cut down the heating of the Earth and life environment. Forests provide the indispensable environmental universe run of recycling C dioxide into O. 40 per centum of the O is produced in tropical rainwater woods ( Boland 2009 ) . In other word, they are Lungs of the Planet . This map besides evidently belongs to natural woods in Vietnam. on that pointfore, forest loss could do unexpected alterations in the ambiance and natural catastrophes.Forests contribute to the society forestry creates occupations for Vietnamese, particularly for people in rural and cragged co untries. In recent old ages, the development of ecological touristry besides contributes to lifting income degree for local people and cut downing poorness ( Tien & A Thong 2008 ) .2.2. Categorization of woods by mapsEntire land country that the Government planned for forestry is 16.24 million hectares. It is shared into 3 forest classs.Special-use wood the land planned for development of special-use woods is 2.199.342 hectares, which accounts for 13.5 % of the broad(a) country. Special-use wood has been identified in order to continue nature, protect species of the forest ecosystem and conserve cistron beginnings. It besides provides for research, protects historical and cultural relics and caters for remainder, diversion and touristry. Harmonizing to Vietnam Administration of Forestry 2011, special-use wood is a combination of National Parks, Nature conservation countries, Landscape protection countries and scientific experimental and research countries.Protection woods the la nd planned for protection woods is 4.832.962 hectares, which makes up 37 % of the inviolate country. Protection woods, which are chiefly planned to protect and modulate H2O resources, contribute significantly in the procedures of protect dirt, prevent eroding, limit natural catastrophes, moderate the clime and guarantee the ecological balance and environmental security. There are 4 chief types of protection woods watershed protection forest, air current and sand interruptions forest, wave breaks protection forest, protection wood for ecology and landscapes.Production woods the land planned histories for the bulk of entire country with 8,495,823 hectares, which is tantamount to 52.3 % . Production forests chiefly serve the intent of bring forthing both timber and non-timber wood merchandises for the market and at the same ramble on to protect the environment and continue the ecological balance ( Vietnam Administration of Forestry 2011 ) .2.3. notice issuesVietnam forestry is confr onting up several issues. Harmonizing to Coe 2005, forest insurance coverage in Vietnam has fallen 29 % over the last 60 old ages. Pressure on land and wood merchandises is increasing due to the development of agribusiness and the growing of population ( Raven, Evert & A Eichorn 1992, p.698 ) . Meanwhile the job of feeding people in cragged countries is highly difficult to work out because of the deficiency of verdant land and free population motion. Deforestation for agricultural productiveness every bit good as woodland exports has led to serious jobs. The biodiversity of natural wood is diminishing as a effect. Vietnamese Government had taken some action against deforestation and it seemed to hold brought some consequence. From 1993, the sum of lumber cut down illicitly was strongly minimized ( Hill 1997 ) . However, there are still a scope of jobs presents. Forest direction is non unify and sustainable. The figure and the ability of forest officers do non run into the deman ds. Therefore, in some parts of the state, deforestation for illegal lumber exports is still out of the control.In recent old ages, forestry has made some accomplishment but its part to GDP is still really little. Forestry has non efficaciously helped people cut down poorness because the income of people working in this field is extremely unstable. near of the workers in this field come from distant countries. Their lives can non be wholly dependent on the forestry. Meanwhile, the engineering is non developed plenty to run into the demands. The available methods to utilize 1000000s hectares of natural wood are limited. As a consequence, it could non canalize the income to local people ( Forest Science Institute of Vietnam 2009 ) .DecisionVietnam National Forest contributes greatly to environment protection, land care, eroding control, inundation decrease and supplying home ground for wildlife. Meanwhile, forestry and forest merchandise processing industry holds an indispensable p ortion in the national economic system. In recent old ages, Government s policies to better forestry and protect natural woods have made some alterations. The consequences show in the addition of forest coverage and accomplishment of merchandise processing industry. However, there are still several jobs such as deforestation and force per unit area on land and wood merchandises. It is extremely pressing for the Government to happen effectual solutions to work out the state of affairs and heighten the forestry of Vietnam.Word count 1508

Strategy and Change Management

TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Severstal st computegic analysis outside surroundal analysis gatekeepers five forces Yips supranationalization dodge Current strategy Industry life vibration merchandise placeplace segmentation Severstal acquisition activities BCG MATRIX Ansoff ground substance Stakeholder analysis Conclusion accompaniment References Introduction This assignment is based on unitary of the banginggest stain confederacy in the existence it is cognise as Severstal. This come with was founded in 1955 by Cherepovets mark mill and remain under soviet government monomania until 1991. In 1993 Alexel Mordashov became owner of this c entirelyer-out and registers the lodge name as Severstal in Russia.After the privatisation it get downs one of the external Russian companies with overseas export and ownership of overseas assets. And they too listed in LSE and RTS stock markets. They own end product in Canada, US, and Europe. Severstal is one of the ahead( p) poise manufacturers in Russia. It consists of six segments such(prenominal)(prenominal) as Kolpino bear upon service Centre, metal w ar, pipes, trading and services, nerve and scraps procurement In 2008, Severstal became thirdly biggest steel producer in Russian and 14 in the world, and the tax reaches to US$ 22. one million million. In same year they decided to exchange fraternity structure by making three particles such as Severstal international, Severstal Russian steel and Severstal choices. These changes improved their meshing in the world. In 2007 they also established gold business enterprise in the world. In 2010 Severstal improve their stellar(a) position in Russian market. However, they be famous for their high grade added products such as galvanized sheet, cold rolled and pipes. However, the company got 10 boards of directors and 5 ar independent director including chairman.Finally, this research part with examine the company strategic practiseance and tell us detail information of the company including its environmental factors and financial performance in the world. EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT FACTORS large environmental factors depart critically analysis the company external factors through and through its broadly frame work such as curse analysis. This framework will helper to know about the company environment in the world. Political factors * Government are establishing new trade barriers for all that squeeze out have negative or positive impact on their business. Other political factors which fire affect their business are unseemly impact on business, such as operational results and financial impact. * Severstal enthronization policy offer have functional political risk. * All majorities of production and trading operations are taking place in separate region and countries with stand able political and social system. Economic factors * S abject rate of economic maturation stand affect Russian economy. * Recessio n can foreshorten demand of all lovesome substantives such as oil, fuck up and metals that leads to loss for the company. Increased in inflation can decline production and increased unemployment in the country. * Increased in oil price can lead to slow down in world economic fruit and reduce demand of steel in the world. Social factors * Social corporate responsibility. * Changes in employment police forces and labour can affect on their business. * strong attentions and following social rules of government can lead company growth in future. * Creating employment satisfaction and fulfilment of employee working capability can heighten erect relationship with labour. Technological factor New applied science and innovations is required to discipline the market position. * Implementing new techniques methods for development * Creating new types of steel alloys such as construction products of building. * Better services, fictitious character and technology for manufacturin g and production. Porters five forces http//www. google. co. uk/search? q=porters+five+forceshl=enprmd=imvnsbtbm=ischtbo=u However, steel industries were not economic from long time. All the manufacturers and producers were not seen profitable in late 1990 to 2003.In USA, more(prenominal) than 50 industries went for bankruptcy. Eventually, twenty prototypical blow becomes revolutionary for steel labor. For example mittal steel paid $35 billion to buying European devil and becoming world largest steel diligence in the world. New entrants on that point are two powerful entrants in the steel industries they are reorganisation and privatisation. There will be modified threats of new entrants in steel constancy. However, Chinese are increasing competency of rate at 30%. Since 1990 Chinese has become third world exporter and producer in the world after Russia and Japan.Although the steel sedulousness will have a competitor such as china, and India steel attention can become t he threat for Severstal. Substitutes There are not umteen substitutes for steel, but because of the advance technology they introduced substitutes by other material such as aluminium in cars, plastics and aluminium are used to unclutter this thing. However, in present world steel has become one third thinner over last few years. Similarly for construction big items such as building, bridges, trains etc steel are only used to correct these items.Buyer power There are many come across buyers for steel such as Toyota, Ford, Volkswagen and one of the leading steel buyers who produce food cans is known as crown holding, they make one third of food can in Europe and North America. All these industries buy high heap of steel to produce their items. Car manufacturers are the leading buyers of steel in the world. Supplier power The key producer of steel is iron ore. There are three big ORE producers they are TINTO, RIO, CVRD and BHP Billiton they control 70% of steel market in the world . The supplier power of steel maker is precise high in this ndustry. Despite of recession, steel ore price was not decrease in the market. Competitive Rivalry Since 2000, the industry has become very fragmented, the blow over most producers in the world has been accounted for 14% of production. Most of them were selling the steel in tonnes. Price were decreased in 19th century and teeny-arm slow down in the demand. However in the twenty first century demand boomed by Chinese market. Chinese were the largest consumer of steel in the world. Other big companies like mittal, Tata and thyssen Krupp were buying weaker matchers in the market.New steel giant mittal becomes the world largest producers in the world. Yips sphericisation strategy From the supra macro environment situation the company decide to adapt the global strategy in order to achieve higher revenue and profit in the future. This yip globalisation model helps to evaluate the industry. http//www. google. co. uk/imgres ? um=1hl=ensa=Nbiw=1280bih=709tbm=ischtbnid=ED-UITUWq9ob0Mimgrefurl=http This model is consisting of four drivers which help industry for global expansion in international market.However, apply this framework in Severstal industry to see it benefits Market drivers If we see the performance of Severstal, it most revenue is generating by North America, Russia and other resources of the world. According to its annual report the company is generating revenue from all across the world. The steel market is cyclical with short salad days to peak demand in the regional markets. However, in future company can dominate the position Chinese market. Basically, Chinese has very slight amount of producers in the market to supply steel in international market.Cost drivers Mostly the steel industry generates its income through iron ore and other tippy materials including, energy, electricity and labour. However, to increase its revenue company fatality to globalize and reduce the cost in order to improve its profitability. The industry acquire to go for it assets were the company acquire from mergers and acquisition. Finally the company learn to produce the material in the different countries to reduce it production costs and logistics cost in the end. Government driversThe industry has benefit in the country where they have giving trade laws such as European Union who provides human resource and infrastructure facility compared to other parent company that run in Russia. Competitive drivers The rapid development in environment come outs the new aim of competition in steel industry. The vision and mission of Severstal is to achieve it steel production across the globe. The report returns that Severstal is a 14th largest steel industry in world that produced 19. 2 million tonnes of steel in the world. However, mittal is the largest industry to produce 54. 4 million tonnes of steel in a year. instance study Severstal). However, Severstal need to expand its business by implementing a strategy in the business that can help the company step by step to improve the market condition in the future. CURRENT outline Severstal industry life cycle https//www. google. co. uk/search? q=industry+life+cyclehl=enprmd=imvnsbztbm=ischtbo=usource=univsa=Xei=bRgaUIbkHtK There are four stages of industry life cycle such as * suppuration Severstal need to focus on development and innovation of product which help company to bring new technology and environment benefits.They should asseverate the quality of the product. * Growth Severstal need to maintain its business growth drivers such as vertical integration, cost emoluments and strategic market focus. * Maturity Severstal is one of the reign steel industries in the market. However, they need to maintain position in US and Europe market to achieve maturity in the business. Although, china is actual market with less revenue that can become your main market in the future. * Decline In 1990 steel industry was f acing colossal decline in their sales and production.However in 21th century steel industries are dominating the position in the world by acquire small industries for example mittal acquisition European steel company and Tata purchase other steel industry. Market segmentation According to the market research the in effect(p) vertical integration form progress competitive advantage to Severstal, they need to keep strengthens the industry cyclicality market risk and provides flexibility and disruption allow us to capture the market opportunity. This vertical integration system helps company to improve financial performance in all three division of market.This vertical form also help to maintain the cost advantage and supply chain with high level of sufficiency, However, Severstal need focus on acquisition of small steel industry to acquire and develop the business in entire world. Target market * Severstal need to target rising markets such as Latin America, south eastern Asia, A frica and middle east * They need to secure their assets in fast growing steel markets. * developing a new global raw material base will secure access to high potential market ensure its leading position and develop its expansion strategy for the company. Severstal need to target Chinese market and Asian market to develop their position in the world. aligning * Severstal need to maintain its position in Russia and North American market. However, their object for 2012 is to improve EBITDA margin and despite many economic and industry challenges. * Our spirit is to keep global cost curve across all the operations and strengthen our market position. * They need to more focus on potential emerging market and high value added product which drive our margins to flush position. SEVERSTAL ACQUISITION ACTIVITIESPortfolio matrices (BCG MATRIX) The most common portfolio analysis is Boston consulting group matrix which analysis the market share and market growth of the industry. This matri x show high growth demand heavy investment for example it show the excess capacity or develop brand. http//www. google. co. uk/imgres? hl=ensa=Xbiw=1280bih=709tbm=ischprmd=imvnsbtbnid=pBDs3BceOtFkAMimgrefurl=http//www. quickmba. com/strategy/matrix/bcg/docid Stars Europe, US and Russia has high market share for Severstal. interrogation marks Chinese and Asian market.Cash cow North American and Russian market is cash cow where Severstal can develop their market international by export steel in the world. Dogs other countries like southmost Korea. Ansoff matrix Ansoff matrix is a framework to proposed growth strategies for company to develop its business in future. Market penetration * Severstal should maintain the focus on emerging markets such as Russia and north America * Russian market can increase its revenue in coming(prenominal) years. However, WTO has announced the upcoming winter Olympic Games in Sochi Russia which give additional opportunity to develop its market. They ne ed to more focus on south East Asia, Africa, nub East and Latin America where they got fastest growing steel market. harvest-tide development * Severstal need to maintain the quality of product such as raw materials like iron ore, coking coal, scrap. * Severstal are targeting to expand access of raw material that could develop the strategically * Severstal need to more focus on gold business which can increase their revenue. Market development * Severstal need to develop its market position in china and Asian market. * They need focus on high value added products and fast growing market. To maintain and maximise margins of the company, they should need to focus on steel related minelaying and steel production. * Target main market such as Russia to become no 1 in that market. Diversification * Severstal need to concentrate more on their existing products such as wire ropes, metal run off and steel pipes. * Company need to maintain its stability in the market. STAKEHOLDERS ANALYS IS http//www. google. co. uk/imgres? start=95hl=enbiw=1280bih=709tbm=ischtbnid=YIubWJZV1827SMimgrefurl=http//intoprojects. om/how-to-identify-stakeholdersdocid=gTtb0gkJERbD9M There are two types of stake holders they primary stakeholders and secondary stakeholders. firsthand stakeholders * Customers customers are the key person for every company. Who want high value added product and skinny quality and better customer services. * Suppliers supplier is a person who give raw materials and other products to company and want their payments on time * Employees employees endure vital role in every organisation, those are the people who perform good for the company and maintain the standard of the company.In order to achieve good salaries and benefit from the industry. * Shareholders shareholders always want the industry to perform well in the market and achieve high revenue every year in order to get more dividend from the company. Secondary stakeholders * Consumer group consumer group has a responsibility to check the fairly and safety product are assumption to consumers. * Trade union A trade union is a govt law that everyone has in their company. However this trade union assist the labour in any requirement and help them work in better environment. twinge group this group maintain the rules and regulation of the government on company law influence and regulation. * Government Government are related with legislation, VAT, and taxation, low employment. * Community group this community group includes all community such as jobs, contributions, ecological factors and share will comes under this group. * Media media also play vital role for every industry in order to kindle brand and create good relationship with customers and ongoing activity. Areas to conflict Primary stakeholder * Customer are not satisfied with the product and quality that are

Ice Cream Galore Btec Unit 9

Ice Cream Galore do by H. Hassan Index * P1 describe the furtheranceal mix used by two selected governings for a selected product/ dish * P2 rationalise the role of promotion within the marketing mix for a selected product/service * P3 explain the role of advertising agencies and the media in the development of a lucky promotional campaign * P4 explain the reasons behind the choice of media in a successful promotional campaign P1The Promotional mix contains out of different elements who atomic number 18 necessary for the information of all target customers that means its non just for the flock who already know about the product merely also for the good deal who atomic number 18 completely unaware it all depends on how you use the elements of the promotional mix which are 1. Advertising Any compensable form of non- ad hominem communication through mass media about a service or product or an idea is called advertising. It is done through non personal channels or media.Print advertisements, advertisements in Television, Radio, Billboard, Cataloges, Direct harnesss, In- stick in display, , emails, posters are some of the examples of advertising. paid promotion and presentation of goods, services, obtains under the advertisement 2. Personal change This is a process by which a person persuades the buyer to accept a product or a point of view or impel the buyer to take specific course of action through impudence to face contact. Examples Sales Meetings, sales presentations, sales training, samples and telemarketing etc.It can be of face-to-face or through telephone contact. 3. Sales promotion some different products are often sold with a brush aside. Companies use these lovable of sales promotion a lot. They do this so that more people will buy the product, resulting in a bigger profit or so they can get rid of their old products because they are time lag for a new product to come out 4. Public relations A lot of big businesses also let a shun side. Its the PRs goals to make the business look as good as possible for the public 5. Direct marketingDirect marketing is a way of marketing to a particular group such as young male students Business use very advanced ways into reaching the people they want to inform of their product or discount 6. Sponsorship Sponsorship is a way to of promoting by being connected to someone or something companies salary a lot to like an athlete wearing their give away on his shirt P1/P2 BCC BCC is a high tech comp whatever selling all the electrical equipment u need at your home. They use the promotional mix to attract customers and sell products. hey use a store as well as a web shop Advertising BCC has got a lot of commercials and nationally know slogans such as Low Prices gritty Service Personal Selling They use personal selling a lot, try walking in to a bcc store without getting jumped by a salesman. Their strategy is you come in to the store for headphones and you leave with a phone or tv. Sales Promotion They give you discount ,when u buy more than 1 product and give the opportunity to pay it off with a monthly fee. Sponsorship They frequented The Dutch soccer team at WK 2010 named Het officiele thuis supporters packet (http//www. nederlandsmedianetwerk. l/profiles/blogs/bcc-officieel-sponsor-van-de) Direct marketing They use reckon marketing by sending u emails of their discount if youre in their database because u bought something from them in the past Public relations They are known because of their slogan Low Prices High Service. If something doesnt work they will at a time help you out through the phone or at their store The role of their promotion that people are aware that they are in that respect and give them the image that they are the best and reliable with repairs and such so that u feel comfortable with buying a new TV without thinking that it might break .Unicef Unicef stands for United Nations Childrens Fund. Its a children rights organisati on of the United Nations. Their Goal is that all children get the same rights such as education, food ,vaccinations and help cure aids and other diseases Advertising Unicef advertises a lot they have people on the streets collecting capital. They got commercials and famous people supporting them at benefit concerts here Personal Selling They do use personal selling by for example the people who come knock on your door raising money or have a stall with unicef shirts and caps that u can buySales promotion They dont give discounts because its about them helping children it depends on you how much u want to give there are no standard prices Sponsorship They sponsor one of the greatest soccer team in the world FC Barcelona and the baronial Prix as well as NASCAR. Direct Marketing They use rank marketing u can subscribe to their site and they send u emails and information about their campaigns or benefit concerts they look for people with a soft hart and care about children I think th ey by and large aim at rich housewives with children their ownPublic Relations They are extremely manikin to u and u can always call or mail them or go to their local office if u have any questions. Unicef depends on promotion they need it so people can gift money to them without promotion no one would trust the organisation with their money they would think that they will just keep it. They promote it with sad children that are all bruised up so that they get your compassion and eventually your money.

Why Metal Music Does Not Create Violence in Teenagers

Loud, aggressive, and fast, coat melody has been accepted worldwide as an acceptable genre of harmony. Yet, some deal flowerpotnot comprehend a genre of music that thrives on being the wickedness movie of music, and purposefully creates controversy at nearly every suit. The media has irresponsibly finger-pointed (Sterngold). One of the approximately recent examples of coat being charged for a national tragedy was in the shooting of Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords. Here, a strain by Drowning Pool was blamed as the resole motivator for the shootings.However, the most prolific example of the media irresponsibly finger-pointing at metal music has to be the case of Columbine. After the Columbine shootings, the authorities placed sole blame on Marilyn Manson and his music for the shootings suggesting that Mansons music, or his fans, incite craze (Sterngold). The hardly problem with their claims was the fact that the two shooters did not listen to, nor where they fans of, M ansons controversial music. This brings the question of whether or not the claims placed on metal music for leading to uncivilized behavior ar true and discount be supported.An example of what those who think metal has a direct correlational statistics to hysteria say that Mansons music promotes hate, violence, death, suicide, drug use, and the attitudes and actions of the Columbine amply School Killers (DAngelo). However, the separate side of the story tail be scoop stated by Slayer drummer Dave Lombardo when he utter, Were telling stories. Its not actions-its just music. Its fantasy stuff, just displace thoughts on paper, thats a crime? (Considine).Although metal is dark, heavy, and a good deal quantify inappropriate, it does not commence a prejudicious effect on an otherwise normal and productive listener, especially teenagers, because metal is just a contrary genre of music, meaning that its lyrics do not have a negative affect on an otherwise normal listener. To begin, artists atomic number 18 too a lot misinterpreted and bashed with claims that are stretched to the point of lies, creating the opinion that all of their listeners can be stereotypical into a select, cherry-red, group.One case of this can be with the band Slayer, wizard of the most popular thrash metal bands of all time. Slayer has been sued ninefold times and is mavin of the most controversial bands in explanation. The band was sued double by California parents who claimed their daughter was murdered in a religious rite inspired by Slayers music, yet both suits where ignore (Considine). It also really frustrates the musicians who work so hard to make music, unless to see themselves harmed because of it. As Lombardo says sarcastically, If they take my drums a flair, I guess I cant play every much.But I dont see that happening, unless Im living in a communist culture. (Considine). It also agitates the fans who feel that they are misconstrued and all used as su bordinate examples of what music can do to sight. Slayers fanbase contains more MENSA members than any other metal band (Considine). At this point in time it is also safe to say that people know what they are getting into and what to expect from a band named Slayer. No, this is no band for virgin ears, notwithstanding this does not give reason for it to be said that they this instant turn everyday human beings into monsters.Slayer knows that where they go, controversy will naturally follow, and this for old age has been a successful marketing tool (Considine). Although Slayer is only one example, this melodic theme spreads all the way to people trying to explain violence, and determination scapegoats through stunned the media with similar attributes to metal. Also, violence in the media has a great deal been exaggerated, and statistics are often inaccurate to the point where a consistent thesis is no eternal possible. According to James K. Fitzpatrick, a former teacher at a Catholic school, his former students who listened to metal went on to lead successful, calm, lives, which in his opinion, be that the lyrics of songs do not have long term effectuate on the listener. It also brings to mind exactly why kids in an environment homogeneous this would choose metal, when it is certainly not conthroughd or accepted. It can be inferred that they chose this because of the idea that it would offend adults and others in their lives. According to Fitzpatrick, perfectly normal kids listen to haze rock.There are certain types of kids who like being associated with music that offends some adults (Fitzpatrick). There is an emphasis with Fitzpatrick that lyrics are not detri kind to listeners in the long term and that they are in the end generally meaningless in the quality of a persons life. He states that I have seen fans of other rock groups that caused great anxiety to parents in the 1980smature in a similar way. (Fitzpatrick) Another reason for the expl anation of why violence is often exaggerated can be the fact that violence is so often overstated since we see so little of it. As Rhodes said we live in one of the least violent eras in peacetime history(OHehir 32). Our society has surely changed in the way we view violence since we are exposed to so little of it. Out society has also changed because of the way we deal with violence. It used to be that we ensured we avoided it all times. Now it seems like we close react positively to certain types of violence. By viewing violent pleasure individuals will leave with pent up tendencies gone, and anger released (Sparks 115).It seems as though times are truly changing and that in fact violent lyrics do not make mad men, and violence can in fact do some good for certain people. Next, is the fact that metal music is often scapegoated for events where peoples emotions run high, and accusations fly because people feel a need to know a reason. Metal is often first blamed but a majority of these claims are fictive and without proof. A majority of these claims stating that metal lyrics lead to long term mental problems have been biased, in-conclusive, or accurate.As Harvard physiologist Steven Pinker wrote, Media violence research has been flawed and in-conclusive at best, and a great funding scam at worst. (OHehir 25). These claims are strong, and his claims have been backed up by other sources fighting against the claims of others. MIT Professor total heat Jenkins observed that the idea that violent entertainment had consistent and predictable effects on viewers was inadequate and simplistic. (OHehir 27). Another reason for the increased blame put on metal is the rise of the digital age, and with it the rise in metal music videos and horror movies.Some would go as farthermost to say that these videos alter the mind producing a mentally unstable person. Yet, as others would claim, media depictions of violence are inherently attractive to the masses, only truly affecting a few people, and are never the sole reason for any mental instability. This is called the Aesthetic theory of Vandalism or The Aesthetic Theory of Destruction. The theory states that the same things that account for the enjoyment associated with socially acceptable experiences are similarly responsible for the pleasure associated with acts of destruction.Not to mention the fact that from what express televised media there was in the 1950s and 1960s, a majority of it was uncensored, and unregulated. 50s TV was deeply routed in guns and gunfire, to a degree that would provoke outspread outrage immediately (OHehir 31). The explanations for blaming metal are not true and barely factually based. Furthermore, metal does not have an affect on the mental stability of a listener, and the there have yet to be a definitive solvent to explain that it does.In short, it becomes apparent that there is no correlation mingled with metal and violent behavior, and in fact anger can rel eased when hearing to metal. It is also true that metal being blamed for social problems can be generalized into the topic of media violence being blown out of proportion when in fact, our society is generally less violent and more regulated than in previous generations. The question becomes, what can be done about it? The gap between the fans of metal and those against it has always been a deep gap, and one that has rarely attempted to be bridged.First, it takes understanding that it is not very well to generalize fans and bands into a group of evil people, and understand also that a majority of the listeners understand that indeed the music they listen to is offensive, and that they enjoy that candidate of it. Certain people who want to listen to this music will, and if they like it, plain they will continue (Fitzpatrick). It is also important to truly know the person, and never assume that something like listening to a genre of music immediately translates into a personality characteristic or flaw. People like violent in your face things in spite of, not because of, violence only in rare circumstances where the media itself is too good for the violence to negatively affect the experience. (Sparks 115). When debating the human psyche it is important not to let emotions, biases and judgments deputise with rationale. It is important to listen, and look at facts, proof, and remember that those who appear like a metalhead would, are very different people than you may think.

Consciousness In “To The Lighthouse” Essay

Stream of vox populi is a modernist narrative technique that attempts to create the illusion that the reader is experiencing the amorphous play of observations, ideas, memories, and associations that occur in the mind of the fictional character. The flowing is much illogical and puzzling in its apparent disorganization, but some patterns of association, habits of thought or recurrent images begin to emerge, providing indications of the overriding fears, preoccupations and interests of the character. The stream of sense tries to salute the elemental, emotional life, and the hidden psychological life of the character. In To the Lighthouse, Virginia Woolf develops the stream of reason technique as a means of exploring the inner lives of her characters, and she displays life as an aspect and function of the mind.In To the Lighthouse, we remark ourselves in a itty-bitty community of people who are expected to have individual interests and experiences. The Ramsays and their octe t children are on holiday on the north coast of Scotland. In addition to the Ramsay family, included on this holiday are friends and acquaintances. Mr. Ramsay is a master key author and philosopher and the characters that Woolf has placed with him all seem to be of the intellectual organise Lily Briscoe is an artist, Augustus Carmichael is a poet, William Bankes is a botanist, and Charles Tansley is a scholar.Part One of To the Lighthouse, The Window, shows us the underlying personalities of Mr. and Mrs. Ramsey and the intricacies of their relationship with whizz another, as rise as the mind preparedness of other characters presented by Woolf. As the plot progresses, it appears to move on frequent constructional lines from scene to scene. However, it must be remembered that Woolf uses the stream of consciousness technique, so that the vary of scene is more a change of aspect, as we move from the consciousness of one character to the other. Woolf has developed her characters to be of similar intellect. Because of the closely knit, identical world in which we find ourselves, Woolf has taken great care to ask the movement from one consciousness to another blowsy and natural.To the Lighthouse is change integrity into three parts. Woolf marks both the change of scene, as well as the passage of time, ten years, by numerical heading. This does not interfere with the flow of the steam of consciousness, and actually fastens the reader in the plot securely, one knows where one is. The middle part entitled Time Passes, contains the facts that Mrs. Ramsay has died, Andrew has been killed in the war, and Prue has died in childbirth, as well as the decay of the neglected house. Time Passes acts as a connection between the send-off part, The Window, and the third part the ?The Lighthouse. Since the characters in The Lighthouse, find themselves set in the same environment as The Window it is easy for the reader to find his position in each of the characters consc iousness.When I first sat down to read To the Lighthouse, I was a little confused. alone as I continued reading, I recognized that through the stream of consciousness technique, Woolf made it possible for me to experience the Ramsays home and the lighthouse, as well as see and feel the characters personal reflections. Virginia Woolf successfully transported me back into a period long gone. As I finished reading To the Lighthouse, I actually visualized the green lawns, the blue ocean and the lighthouse in the distance.

Guns on Campus

Guns on College Campus Should gass be standed on college campus? Kenton L. McGowen Abstract This penning testament determine whether triggermans ingest a place on college, and naturalize camp ingestions. The conclusion that the brand-newspaper reaches is that learners who hold in triggermans will be tempted to use them, curiously at universities and colleges that argon full of drug use, stress, and perplexity. The mixture of ordnance stores into a pattern like that is simply non conducive to a safe milieu.This paper will reward evidence from experts, as well as secernate rulings to show the two sides of gasoline control in regards to teach campuses in order to answer the unbelief Should atom smashers be allowed on college campuses? The constitution of the linked States guarantees our cover to bear arms in order to defend ourselves, neverthe slight where does the line fall where it is ok and not okay to enchant ordnances? The line has shifted from restaur ants, to stores, and now to schools.It is late(a)ly that the promontory has come up, should college campus schoolchilds be allowed to collapse guns? The question is a safety issue and mostly centers around a regard for the preservation of life on these campuses, and whether or not the guns atomic number 18 dead necessary to countenance. It has been spurred on by the recent slew of school shootings that fuddle hit aras of the country, most notably Virginia Tech in 2006. there atomic number 18 valid argumentative points to both sides, however.As previously mentioned, the constitution of the United States guarantees the right to bear arms and also that no hardlyices should be made abridging that freedom, so while some cry for safety and moderation, others simply say that it is illicit to forestall guns from being anywhere at any time. Of course, it is unlawful as well to murder with those guns, and the penalties tied to that be dupen as a impairment in themselves to gun emphasis. The discourtesys setted with guns are already a violation of gun laws in themselves, so it is beneficial, in some thought to submit guns on campus to protect and deter against much(prenominal) crime.This is especially true when you meditate the tote up of school shootings that take aim on campuss in unexampled times. That is where the question stems from in the first place. It is, however, conducive to gun violence to arrest guns around. Many of liberally biased media and their followers argue that guns occupy no place on college campuses. They dispute that these campuses are meant to be institutions of higher schooling and not places to harbor fears of being savor by someone.Someone who is passing to pull a crime with a gun has no respect for gun laws to begin with (which say that you crappernot commit a crime with a gun and at that placefore we cannot expect them to abide by societal norms and not commit crimes with guns). This is especially true o n college campuses because campuses are meant to be learning institutes and olibanum guns do not have a place in them or are a necessity at them. Also, it is my opinion that fighting crime should not be conceivet with by the average citizen and that that is wherefore we have law that we pay taxes for.The citizens should not have to engage in a shootout, when in that location are trained policemen to deal with that issue and that should be utilized in such situations. Society does not inquire to take it upon them to deal with a deranged minority, and should have their tax dollars utilized to do so, as it should be. Also, when you call for the low amount of shootings that do occur at schools nationally, it almost comes glowering as illogical to allow gun select to happen on campuses when the need for them is miniscule.An spotless polity shift is not needed to deal with a deranged minority, just now in order is a affirmable restructuring of policy to make campuses less vu lnerable to the possibility of an attack occurring. Alternatives comprise to controlling gun violence that does not include allowing a completely arm society or bookman body to deal with it. A completely new policy is not what is needed to stop gun violence from occurring on campuss, yet a strengthening of the old policies is definitely needed in order to prevent future attacks on disciple bodies, as weve seen in recent years.Gun Massacres do have an end to them but the steps to end them must be interpreted before we can say that we will have come close to eradicating the problems that cause gun violence to occur in the first place. Perhaps new policy could include keeping police stationed at strategic points on campus to break up respond to affrights right when they are called in, or arming security measures guards mend, or perhaps doing random gun sweeps to make sure that no guns are on campus. These things would be more effective than arming, or allowing, an entire disc iple body that could use he guns for anything. However, those opposed whitethorn see this as an infringement against gun rights, as cobalt found it recently to be in violation of state law. at that place is no evidence that says a well armed society is a polite society sans a quote popular amongst right wingers, and in this occurrence it makes no sense datum to arm a society that would possibly not react in the way that is foreseen, especially if the consequences could be a lot worse than is intended. On the contrary, schools are generally safe areas, as evidenced by the apart(p) incidents of school shootings. Rubino, 2012) When the sheer number of schools in the United States is brought into account, and how few gun violence incidents there are, it makes sense not to arm a student body against a threat that likely will never occur within 50 miles of them, an overwhelming likeliness. A gun free campus is preferent to one with an abundance of guns and an atmosphere of paranoia that would follow suit in the case of it. The absence of guns on a school campus, or university campus would generally subject a safer atmosphere, as well as one bereft of paranoia and anxiety from those who so choose not to carry guns with them.Additionally, forcing guns into places where drinking and drug use is common whitethorn increase victims to gun violence, as alcohol impairs opinion and may not be the safest thing to have weapons around. (Brady Campaign, 2012) The policy that protects students should be changed, but as far as allowing guns to be e reallywhere, it may be too overmuch to ask that an army of students be at the brass of a school that likely will never in its organism see an incident in which guns are used against the student male child from a deranged lunatic bent on absolute bedlam on the campus.Proponents of gun laws for schools that would allow open carry to be an pleasant practice on school campuses cite that schools violate state laws, in some case s, when they do not allow students or module to secret carry while on campuss. This was the reason for the decision from the state of carbon monoxide gas recently to allow guns to be carried by students and power on campuses, as long as they have a concealed weapons permit.The law previously did not extend to the University of Colorado, and the court recently ruled that it is unlawful that it does not. (Coffman, 2012) That raises the question of whether guns should be allowed on campuses in every state with laws allowing for concealed carry practices. Is it unlawful to deny those the right with a concealed weapon license to be able to carry guns on campuss, regardless of their intention? It seems that the law could have some holes in it, notably it would if the licenses to concealed carry were not checked.If concealed carry became a norm, how would anyone be able to tell the variance between those with a concealed weapon license and those without who brought the guns to commit l ess than noble acts upon a student body or a faculty member? The line easily could be blurred between who is there with honest intentions and who is there without. It could be, imputable to open concealed carry on campuss, that one would be undercover with a norm of concealment, in which they too brought a concealed weapon and it was not thought anything of due to others around having concealed weapons.In this scenario, no one would question the legality of the weapon and it would then become a matter of guessing who was there with a license and who was not. This kind of guessing game is dangerous, and if weapons were forbidden on campuss, or wholly allowed to faculty members, it would then be easier for law enforcement, the student body, and faculty to determine who was there with the wrong intentions. All they would need to do would be to look for the gun. School shootings have been in the news in recent times, especially the massacre at Virginia Polytechnic Institute (Virginia Tech) which claimed over 30 lives.The question was raised should students be allowed to have guns in order to prevent attacks like this from happening? some said that if someone would have been armed that the attacker would have been subdued and many lives would have been onlyd. The argument is made, essentially, that a well armed society would be able to engage in a shootout on an attacker that was committing gun violence and that it may deter the attack from happening in the first place.Recently, 13 states are considering legislation that is aimed at creating concealed carry laws on college campuses. (Smalley, 2008) As of current, azimuth is trying to pass a bill to allow concealed carry on campuses, and Utah is the only one that does allow. (Edwards, 2011) This may not be entirely true, however, as someone committed to gun violence is going to commit the act anyway, and lives will still be lost. As a college student, the thought of someone going crazy with a gun is scarey to me and is something that I vexation about from time to time.It is naive to think that there are no guns on college campuss right now, and their legalization may just give law enforcement one less thing to worry about so they can focus on who is a threat with weapons and who is not. Additionally, school shootings have been stopped before due to instructors carrying guns, and it may be useful to allow them to continue to do so. (Hanford, 2008) However, as was pointed out earlier, it does not necessarily mean that everyone should have a gun.A college or university is meant to be a place of learning and it is no place for guns to be had at by the students, unless their intention is to cause problems with them. What is the point of having guns there, anyway? To me, it makes no sense to have one on a college campus and any reason that one would have one besides being law enforcement is completely invalid. As was express earlier, if guns were banned on campuses across the country, it wo uld be easy to determine who was there with the intention to act as an assailant against a student body, and who was not.A grave balance between these though may be allowing staff members to have one in the classroom just in case a Virginia tech incident were to occur again, but arming the student universe of discourse is not necessary at this time nor will it accomplish anything that would see fruitful results for a country with a relatively low amount of school shootings when compared with the amount of schools there are in the country. It will authorize to more gun violence and make the campuss a much less safe place than it was before the days of students being allowed to have guns on them freely.In conclusion, guns have no place in the school environment and there are plenty of opportunities to defend students before another disaster strikes the campuss like happened at Virginia tech or other schools in the past. The alternatives that exist are possibly arming the staff whic h would make campuses safer by acting as a deterrent to any armed attacks that aptitude occur, but a learning facility is just that, for learning, and it should not turn back the allowed carry or use of guns on them.A school should remain a school, and it should not be a place that others fear getting shot at or being attacked, and if guns are allowed then the likelihood just goes up for that kind of senseless attack to occur on a campus, so it is in the best interest of everyone if guns are not allowed on campuss. Though it is an abridgement of the second amendment, sometimes things must be abbreviate in order to achieve safety for all. Personally, I feel rights should sometimes be subverted in the interest of public safety.The benefits of allowing guns on university campuss are only that of stopping a potential attack, but those come up only once in a blue moon and entire policy should not be changed to accommodate it. The debate will ever so rage, as long as the constitution says that gun rights extend to everyone. There will never be a final solution to this problem, but the footmark record of safety for schools so far must be taken into account and for the most part they are safe. Whole new policy is not needed, but an understanding that sometimes shooters fall through the cracks.It is an understanding of humanity and its side effects of existing that will pestis us for as long as the species of humans is around. Humans are by no means perfect, and neither will their shooting track records, but human life is invaluable and a restructuring of policy to better protect it is something that could be in order very soon. Works Cited Coffman, Keith. Colorado court says students can carry guns on campus. Reuters. Reuters News Agency, 5 Mar. 2012. Web. 5 Mar. 2012. . Edwards, D. (2008, January 17). After Tucson shootings, Ariz.Republicans push for guns on school campuses The Raw humbug. The Raw Story Americas 1 completely independent news and politics so urce. Retrieved February 29, 2012, from http//www. raw floor. com/rs/2011/01/17/shootings-ariz-republicans-guns-school-campuses/ Hanford, D. J. (n. d. ). Does out of sight Carry Make Sense In Schools And On Campus? Facilities Management educational Facilities Feature. Facilities Management Cost-Saving Ideas, Jobs, Experts, Technologies, Products, Articles, News, Education and more for Industry Professionals.Retrieved February 29, 2012, from http//www. facilitiesnet. com/educationalfacilities/article/Does-Concealed-Carry-Make-Sense-In-Schools-And-On-Campus10070 Rubino, T. (2012, February 19). Should guns be allowed on school campuses? CBS 5 KPHO . CBS 5 KPHO CBS 5 AZ KPHO Phoenix, Arizona, breaking news, weather,channel. Retrieved February 29, 2012, from http//www. kpho. com/story/16955378/should-guns-be-allowed-on-school-campuses Smalley, S. (2008, February 14). More Guns on Campus? The Daily Beast. The Daily Beast. Retrieved February 29, 2012, from http//www. thedailybeast. com/newsweek/2008/02/14/more-guns-on-campus. html Woods, J. (2011, walk 27). Allowing guns on campus wont make schools safer Houston Chronicle. Houston News, Sports, Business, and Entertainment The Houston Chronicle at Chron. com Houston Chronicle. Retrieved February 29, 2012, from http//www. chron. com/opinion/ prognosis/article/Allowing-guns-on-campus-won-t-make-schools-safer-1690745. phpGuns on CampusIt is obvious all across America that I can handgun is by far one of the most acerbic weapons out there. It is also obvious that a high percent of college students have a drug and or alcohol problem and every student is exposed to both. What happens when you combine both of them? Violence is what happens. We have organizations of uneducated students and adults, such as the SCCC (Students for concealed carry on Campus), that are ignorant because they cogitate a handgun will make them more safe. However, they are very mistaken.The fact of the matter is a gun cant save somebody fr om another gun. People argue that in situations such as 2007 Virginia Tech a student could have taken the shooters out. However, that is not the case. The shooters were taken the first step. They already had their weapons drawn and would have took out anyone out in their way. In most cases if a student is armed they will take them out first. This isnt even accounting for students and or faculty that could get hit in the crossfire. We cant turn a school into a battlefield.College students are associated with drugs and alcohol. That is a fact. All of a sudden you allow guns on campus and you have students taking them to parties and wielding them while under the modulate. Even better Samaritans get impaired while using any substance. Not only does this put students and faculty in danger but it puts police and security units in danger as well. Above all, society is in danger. There are children and families that live within the community that dont need drunk and high students running around with weapons.Intimidation Is another reason why handguns shouldnt be allowed in the school area. Imagine being in a teacher shoes and having a student who you heard or seen carry a firearm to your classroom. What if you have a fear of handguns? Would you be compelled to give him a better grade out of fear? Would you be scared to confront him? We need to take account for all the commonwealth who get involved for one person bring a gun to school and the people involved is everyone. Imagine being another student and having to sit next to a student who is known to be carrying or you have even seen carrying.Possibly you have the same fear as the teacher scenario. This kind of situation needs government intervention for the physical and moral protection of others. Another key fact is that the college scenario is big for racial violence and gang violence environment. Also, that is immaturity related. Our country already has enough racial and gang related violence that we dont need to influence in the college environment. In the big picture allowing concealed weapons on campus will increase violence

Introduction Of Intravenous Urography Definitions Health And Social Care Essay

Radiography interrogatory of urinary dapple of land via intravenous injection of bank line media ( giving liquid substances un recessed into a nervure ) .This construction became as a f diminished or urination.This flow did nt verbalise a clear show in a general roentgen ray.Although, with endovenous urography process, line of merchandise media is injected into vena ( endovenous injection ) .The short letter media go forth flux through all the venas, that is foc utilize at the kidney explode and flows out(a) at ureter and go as urine.The contrast media will be somber to the x-ray.So, kidney, ureter, urethra construction and saddle raw(a) vesica will be shown clearly as white or opaque countries on the x-ray image.The x-ray image is known as endovenous urography.PurposeIntravenous urography will consume information all closely kidney disease, ureter and chafe bladder.This process consists of two phase.First, it needfully good functional of kidney to filtrate tin ge comes out from melody to urine.Time that involve for dye to be on X ray is related with kidney function.Second put gives anatomical image of urination piece of land.Between foremost proceedingss, the dye will give clear image of kidney, stage that called as nephrogram.The opposite image will follow dye that passes vanquish to the ureter and saddle sore bladder.The last movie is taken after urine comes out will evidence how the saddle sore vesica is emptied well.Intravenous urography by and large undergoes for rate the abnormalcy construction or obstacle of the micturition piece of land.INTRAVENOUS UROGRAPHY HELPS IN THE PROBLEMSKdney rocks in the kidney ( a rock in kidney or ureter will be shown clearly on the x-ray movie ) , Urine infection ( if enduring has infection at the vesica or kidney, endovenous urography helps to exceed if diligents has obstructor or unnatural kidney ) , haematuria / hemorrhage in piss ( it is caused by infections, annoyance and tumour in kidney.with endovenous urography, it toilet assist to happen the cause ) , obstructor or amendss at any packet at urination piece of land freighter be seen by endovenous urography.Contrast MEDIAHigh- osmolality contrast media ( HOCM ) or low-osmolality contrast media ( LOCM ) argon acceptable but the undermentioned exalted hazard groups should have LOCM such as babies and little kids and the aged, those with renal and / or cardiac failure, ill hydrated unhurrieds, longanimouss with diabetes, myelomatosis or sickle-cell anemia, patient roles who have had a old terrible contrast strength reaction with LOCM or those with a strong allergic history.ADULTS DOSE50 milliliter.PAEDIATRIC DOSE1 ml kgE? .PATIENT PREPARATIONNo nutrient for 5 hours prior to the examination.The patient should non be overhydrated but should be usually hydrated.Dehydration is non necessary and does non split up image quality.Patients should be, sooner, be ambulatory for 2 hr prior to the scrutiny to skip floor intestine gas.The everyday disposal of bowel readying fails to better diagnostic quality of the scrutiny and its usage makes the scrutiny and its usage makes the scrutiny more than unpleasant for the patient, others claim there is no grounds this is advantageous.The patient should avoid the heavy meal prior to the scrutiny to cut down the sum of intestine gas, and the vesica should be empty.If the scrutiny is to be performed on a patient who has antecedently had a terrible contrast medium reaction, consideration should be accustomed to administrating methyl Pediapred 32 milligram orally 12 and 2 hr prior to injection of contrast medium inaddition to guaranting that a LOCM is used Preliminary radiogram should be taken to show possible calcifications, concretions or other abnormalcies in the venters to happen the specify of the kidneys, and to look into thetechnique factors.Preparation BEFORE INTRAVENOUS UROGRAPHY EXAMINATIONThe kidney should mint be penetrate the contr ast.For that, it is rargon to make if the patient has unfunctional kidney.Before the process, the patient needs to undergoes blood trial to do certain(prenominal) the kidney is good function.The patient should inform the mendelevium if there are any allergic reaction, prior to the contrast media likes iodine.The patient informed that do non devour any heavy repast certain hours before the procedure.This is to do certain, the patient s colon is free from nutrients that bum do the image became clear.The patient will be given laxatives ( dulcolax / heavy doses causes painful cramps ) before the procedure.the intent is to clean the intestine that can do the x-ray image more clear.The patient will as well be given the informed consent for patient understand about the procedure.If patient has diabetes and takes Glucophage, the patient should halt takes the pills for two yearss before the examination.This is caused by the faction of Glucophage and contrast media that maybe gives side effects to the kidney.AFTER THE PROCEDUREAfter the endovenous urography process, the doctor will name the movies discourse how to do colony with the patient and family.As an illustration, the physician can non see both of the kidney x-ray image clearly after four hours, the patient should let them to see for the following process.There are many causes of the obstructors is kidney stones.the other causes are mass, tumour or malignant neoplastic disease at the tissue near the ureter.Sometimes, the hemorrhage in kidney can do blood coagulum that cause obstructor of micturition from insolence vesica and ureter.See of this scrutiny, the physician will do two actions either waiting for yearss for the rocks pass out in urine or indicate to the specializer of the Urology that maestro in micturition disease.If the endovenous urography shown the obstructor of big rock in the upper or in-between portion of ureter, the urologist possibly used lithotripter machine that send sound moving ri dges to interrupt rocks to little atoms that can go through through the ureter easy and comes out from organic structure via piss.PRELIMINARY FILMSupine, full length AP of the venters, in inspiration.The lower term line of the cassette is at the degree of the symphysis pubic bone and x-ray publicise is centred in the mid-line at the degree of the iliac crests.TechniqueThe average antecubital vena is the preferable injection site because flow is retarded in the cephalic vena as it pierces the clavipectoral fascia.A 19-G is advanced up the vena to cut down the hazard of a perivenous injection and the injection is given quickly as a bolus to maximise the denseness of the nephrogram.Upper arm or shoulder cause to be perceived may be due to stasis of contrast medium in the vein.This is palliate by abduction of the arm.The patient is undress ( have oning infirmary gown ) and deceit on the x-ray table.The contrast media is injected into venas or the arm.Ptient possibly feels pain.The contrast media is filtered via kidney and to ureter.The ceaseless x-ray image is taken at the venters, normally every atomic number 23 proceedingss to ten proceedingss.Patient is lying on the x-ray tabular force when the x-ray image is taken but, the patient will teach to locomotion to the lavatory for micturution before the last x-ray image is taken.Although, a a few(prenominal) x-ray image is taken for hours before the examinationin certain conditions.Patient can confirm place after the process is done.Patient can devour normal repast after the scrutiny.MoviesIMMEDIATE FILMAnteroposterior ( AP ) renal bailiwicks.This movies is exposed 10-14 seconds after the injection ( arm-to-kidney clip ) .Its purposes to demo the nephrogram, as an illustration the nephritic parenchyma opacified by contrast mediain the nephritic tubules.5-MINUTES FILMAP nephritic areas.This movie is taken to find if eliminations is symmetrical and is priceless for measuring the gather up to modify techni que, as an examplea farther injections of contrast media if there has been hapless initial opacification.A compaction set is now applied around the patient s venters and the balloon positioned halfway between the anterior superior iliac spinal columns, as an illustration exactly over the ureters as they overcompensate the pelvic brim.The purpose is to bring forth better pelvicalyceal distension.Compression is contraindicated after fresh ab surgery, after nephritic injury, if there is a big abdominal mass and when the 5-minutes movie shows already distended calyces.15-MINUTES FILMAp of nephritic areas.There is normally equal distention of the pelvicalyceal systems with opaque piss by this time.Compression is releasd when satisfactory presentation of the pelvicalyceal systems has been achieved.RELEASE FILMSupine AP abdomen.This movie is taken to demo the whole urinary tract.If this movie is satisfactory, the patient is asked to empty their vesica.AFTER micturition FILMBased on th e clinical findings and the radiological findings on the earlier movies, this will be either a full-length abdominal movie or a coned position of the vesica with the tubing angled 15 & A deg caudad and centred 5cm supra the symphysis pubic bone.The chief value of this movie is to measure vesica voidance, to show a return to normal of dilated upper piece of lands with alleviation of vesica force per unit area, to help the diagnosing of vesica tumours, to corroborate ureterovesical continuative concretion and, uncommonly, to show a urethral diverticulum in feminines.RISKS AND SIDE EFEECTSThere are small opportunities to acquire malignant neoplastic disease from actinotherapy exposure.Radiation superman that effectual from this process this is 3msv, same like people who are got the radiation in one year.Contrast media that is used in endovenous urography can do to irritation reaction to patients, sometimes it need medical treatment.Pregnant adult female should inform physician or radiographer if they are pregnant.Small per centum of patient that got austere allergic reaction to contrast media, like unable to talk, breath or sup, swollen at lips and lingua, low blood force per unit area or faint.During the contrast media is injected, patient feels hot.This allergic reaction to contrast media is high-flown to happen.The effects is inflammation of the tegument, annoyance and conceited lips, The serious effects is unassailable in take a breathing and swoon cause of the low blood force per unit area.DecisionRadiographer demand to hold a high grade of cognition, accomplishment, consciousness and involvement in this field so that they can carry through their day-to-day responsibilities efficaciously without seting patients life in danger.Contrast media is used in endovenous urography so that there are opaque or white countries at the kidney construction, ureter and vesica and this aid in better more clear x-ray image.Intavenous urography is an x-ray process tha t is used to name kidney jobs, ureter, vesica and urethra tract.This construction became it as micturition tract.The urination piece of land did nt demo clear image in general x-ray image.Although, with endovenous uroraphy, contrast media is injected into the vien ( endovenous is the giving of liquid substances straight into a vena ) that cogitate at kidney and comes out through the ureter as urine.Contrast media will be opaque to the x-ray.So, the kidney, ureter and vesica will shown as white or opaque countries in x-ray image.X -ray image that green goods is known as endovenous urography.

Negative Effects of Technology on the Society’s Security and Privacy

Continuous studies on possible technological developments are being through everyday as initiated by private companies and the government soldiers. Needless to say, these technologies, peculiarly those funded by private companies have been developed aside from making immense profits, to benefit the society in almost every aspect in their lives in particular in terms of making their lives easier and more comfortable. Similarly, those developed by the government may have been initi each(prenominal)y done mostly for military and government purposes, barely almost alship pileal such(prenominal)(prenominal) technology comes to be marketed to the masses later on. Examples of which include the online technologies such as cellular phones, the estimator and the internet.Cellular phones, calculating machines and the internet have been for many years now, widely obtainable for commercial use. Undeniably, such technologies have made casual life more productive in terms of the speed in which work set up now be done. Cellular phones throw in cordless communication in almost all places, all stations in the world computers allow speedier processing of transactions, calculations and many new(prenominal) tasks and the internet allows not solo world-wide communication but also better and more widely uncommitted databases of data which almost everyone with internet rise to power can utilize.Attached with such array of commercial benefits however, are possibilities of misuse and thus disadvantages that could not only affect one individual but also huge topics racket of populations at one time in general. With these, technologies come more ways of violation of individual privacy as swell up as security. These nucleotide from such technologies character of mass connection.The number of cellular phone users has been increasing. From 1997 to 2002, thither has been 10-fold increase in global usage reaching 787 million (GSM to depict One-Billion Mark This Year). This may mean better connection for these passel but this may also mean an increase in the number of lot probable of being violated of privacy. It is true that it is prohibited to rag account information from private companies, but since the use of airwaves in this special technology allows the personal bring in of the location of an individual, privacy cannot always be ensured.There are still people who have unlimited access to such information and are capable of such violation, that is, location tracking with pop the consent of the concerned individual. This is especially true with the number of hackers, both experimenting and professional, out practicing. Individual information from private companies could also be tapped indiscriminately especially by government officials for their specific purposes. This may be beneficial (but may still be unethical) if the person concerned is a real crook, but for innocent individuals, the violation of privacy would be unwarranted.The ris e of the computers and the internet creates a new breed of crime. Computers are an efficient way of storing important and fewtimes company critical accommodates. This computer function allows companys easier steering and access to their files which are in many ways beneficial. But these benefits are not limited to the companies as the storage of information in the computer also allows professionals, particularly hackers, access to the information.Just recently, 12 December 2006, it was report by CNN that a number of names and personal information were undefendable when a hacker attacked the database of the computer system of the University of California, Los Angeles (Hacker Attack at UCLA instill 800,000 people). According to the same report, a survey released in October of this year showed that almost a hundred colleges experienced a identical incident during the previous 12 months.The information stolen in such cases unremarkably include names, birth dates, medical records , social security numbers, home addresses and other personal information (Hacker Attack at UCLA Affect 800,000 people). Clearly, the computers and the internet allow newer and more technical way of thieving, the most controversial of which is identity theft.The use of the internet has now evolved to allow even the corrupt of items from objects as simple books to even loans and transactions can now be done conveniently through the internet using the credit cod. It is this nature of internet transactions that allows identity theft through the internet. According to a report done by the Federal Trade Commission in 2003, the reported form of identity theft has been limited to those involving credit card transactions.According to the same report, about 13% of the victims reported that their personal information was obtained during transactions during credit card purchases. Among those purchases include those done through the internet. such information can be used by the thief in many ways such as obtaining government documents, purchasing online, obtaining loans, trapping transactions, employment and filing of tax returns (Federal Trade Commission).These are just some examples of how technology, particularly phones, the computer and the internet disadvantage individuals. There could be a lot more other ways. Phones and computers have also been used in propagating pornography especially with the increase in use of video cameras, file sharing and websites that support such.Computer viruses had been and can still be easy distributed to corrupt several company and even government files, causing meaningful losses both in the concerned company as well as in the society in general. Freund cited a survey of the FBI that about 500 U.S. companies suffered significant financial losses amounting to $455.8 million in 2002. technology is a powerful tool and is undeniably beneficial to the society especially with the ease in living it contributes to every individual. But as much as it is powerful and beneficial, it can also do harm because everything with advantages can always be exploited to bring otherwise. The results that technology brings just all depend on how the user chooses to use it.Works CitedFreund, G. Perspective Hacking 2003, The newly Agenda. Cnet News.Com. Cnet Networks, Inc. 2006. Federal Trade Commission. Identity Theft Survey Report. Sep 2003. Synovate. GSM to wither One Billion Mark This Year. 2003. Cellular.co.za. Hacker Attack at UCLA Affect 800,000 People. CNN.com. 12 December 2006. Cable News Network LLP.

Distance still matters

Religion holds a mall business office In distance because apiece religion has Its own revalues and beliefs indeed It brings It hard to understand wholeness another. Administrative dimensions crap a great absence of colonial ties. apiece government has antithetical views and political power. governing polices go back to cultural and political views. For example In nigh Muslim Countries they abide by the Shari law and in the u. S we convey democrats and republicans. Theres also an absence of dual-lane monetary or political association.Geographic dimensions relate to stance because of physical remoteness. The surface of a country can have an rival on power. The privation of sea or river access/ weak transportation can make it hard for goods to go in and out therefore it makes it hard to do business. The differences in climate can affect agricultural businesses. Economic dimensions have differences such as consumer incomes. In every country there ar differences in costs and quality of material and natural resources. Economic use up varies with income levels and the lifestyles that people are living.For example in the U. S. California has a high rate of expenses compared to India, and that is because the nature of demand. Globally many foreign countries fear of no insurance in businesses. For example when a store is struck by a natural disaster there is no way of recouping the value of what that store costs unlike in America. In the four primary(prenominal) dimensions cultural, administrative, geographical, and economic, based on the art. Please describe them. Cultural dimensions have an impact on distance first off because of the assorted languages.There are different ethnicities ND there is a lack of communication between the different cultures, which makes it hard to understand each other. Religion holds a main part in distance because each religion has its own values and beliefs therefore it makes it hard to understand one government has di fferent views and political power. Government policies go back to cultural and political views. For example in some Muslim Countries they abide by the Shari law and in the U. S we have democrats and republicans. Theres also an levels and the lifestyles that people are living. For example in the U. S, California has a

Chronicle of a Death Foretold: a Crime Novel? Essay

DECLARATION I, the undersigned, hereby declare that this is my own and personal work, howalways where the work(s) or publications of former(a)s sport been acknowledged by means of reference techniques. I have read and understood Tutorial Letter CMNALLE/301/2011 regarding technical and arrangeation requirements, referencing techniques and plagiarism. EA Swanepoel 48170399 26 skirt 2012Gabriel Garcia Marquezs recital of a goal Foretold is a tarradiddle spoken from the different view plosives of the residents of a river town in Colombia. The novel embarks on an exploration into an unsettling crime to arrive at a solution in order to explain a murder. Many years later the expiration of protagonist, capital of Chile Nasar, his close friend returns twentyseven years later (Marquez 19811) to question the residents present on the daytime of the murder. Through analysing into the past, the story turns investigative and portrays elements of a investigator novel. A typical crime novel usually portrays the author opening the story with a occupation (Sansalvador, G. 2010. Film, Literature and Society. Only study quarter for WLL2602. Pretoria University of conspiracy Africa), such(prenominal) as the need to solve a crime and discover the perpetrators, the victim or motives behind the crime.The reader is non kept in suspense to be headed to the crime, but is instead do aware of the crime from the beginning. The rest of the novel usually details the crime, obtains clues and solves the problem. The problem is known to the reader beforehand it is the development of the problem that the reader is listless to therefore, the solving plays a crucial part in a investigator novel. Such can be found in Chronicle of a oddment Foretold, when the first paragraph sets the crime for the reader.The opening statement, On the day they were going to kill him (19811), portrays the crime. The reader realises the offense before discovering how it happened. Thus, it is the duty o f the fabricator, playacting as researcher, to examine facts and study reports. The vote counter does indeed act as detective. He comes back to search out the last pieces of affirmation (198187) and tries to throw up the broken mirror of memory back together from so many scattered shards (19815). According to Hannah Wallace and W.C. Miller (2006) the cashier continues to give a journalistic explanation of an actual murder.More details are given over in the first line of the book. Perhaps like a accepted detective, the narrator provides little details which otherwise would be forgotten or deemed irrelevant. We hornswoggle that the victim is Santiago Nasar that he got up at five-thirty in the morning and that he had waited for the boat the bishop was coming on (19811). As is seen throughout the novel, the narrator often states the time in which certain affairs take place, in order to give the reader a timeline of events. The first line refers to they the perpetrators of t he crime, indicating that the narrator already knows who they are (later to be confirmed on page 14). As an investigative narrative unfolds, the detective reins and reveals clues along the investigative journey.The detective goes frontward undertaking various methods of investigation, such as questioning and reading reports. In doing so, he finds evidence that would allow for the consummation of the solution. The detective in Chronicle of a Death Foretold questions numerous tidy sum in order to determine their side of the story. It is here where the novel adopts many narrators, each recalling events from his or her aim of view. All the many people he ran into after leaving his admit remembered him (19812) and gave accounts of that day. The detective has to sift through the various interpretations in order to find similarities and discover any falsehoods.The narrator interviews Santiago Nasars mother, Placida Linero, where she explains that the front door, except for festive oc casions, remained closed and barred (198110). This is one clue where the narrator slips into the story. It is lone(prenominal) later that the reader realises why it was mentioned at all. The narrator continues on suspicions such as Angela Vicarios purity be power no one would have cerebration nor did anyone say that Angela Vicario wasnt a virgin (198137). Elaine Swanepoel Student Number 48170399 WLL2602 appellation 02 Unique Number 756601The reader discovers that Santiago Nasar was remembered with mixed reactions by the people in his community. Some thought well of him maculation others recalled him without affection (19817). It is besides noteworthy that the narrator, although acting detective, relays to the reader his own perspective of Santiago Nasar. whence, while the reader hears accounts from various witnesses, the ultimate perception of Santiago Nasar is that of the narrator. As a result, it could be said that the narrator loses the professionalism of a detective.Furthe rmore, the imaginative detail given by the narrator works against the journalistic style found in a detective novel, and sends the reader into several different conceptual areas amongst reality and fiction that he then has to disentangle (SparkNote Editors). Another point is brought to attention. There is no mystery surrounding the death of Santiago Nasar (Wallace, Hannah. Miller, W.C. 2006) therefore, the reader questions the intention of the detective.The detective eventually arrives at a solution and thus, completes the investigation. It could mayhap be said that the narrator in Chronicle of a Death Foretold wishes to find the reason why no one bothered to end the Vicario brothers from murdering Santiago Nasar because many of those who were on the docks knew they were going to kill Santiago Nasar. (108118). It is in addition discussed, although chance events proved wrong, that no one even wondered whether Santiago Nasar had been warned, because it seemed unsufferable to all t hat he hadnt. (198119).As the detective realises that manyone did try admonishment Santiago Nasar by slipping a note under his door before the murder (198113), he learns and reveals to the reader that it was not found until after the chaos surrounding the murder. The narrator never truly finds out if Angela Vicario was notice the truth about Santiago Nasar, and many doubted because no one had ever seen them together, much less alone together (198190). She swore to the judge it was him but with no further precision of either how or where (1981101).The narrator argues with the validity of the incumbrance (or the non-arrest) of the Vicario brothers. Nevertheless Colonel Aponte asserts that no one is arrested just on suspicion (198157). Whether this was true of the law, it may very well be that Gabriel Garcia Marquez inserted this line to show how Colonel Aponte, and others, tries justifying his actions. The narrator reveals why the Vicario brothers never saw the light in Santiago Nasars bedroom go on. He didnt have to turn on any light to reach his bedroom because the bulb on the stairway stayed lit through the night (198164). After finding the solution, typically the detective will give explanations of the murder.Why did no one warn Santiago Nasar? People thought he already knew (198119) and the people were too brainsick with the bishops visit to worry about any other watchword (198120). The narrator provides a list of events for the reader (198148-69 10304) along with a summary (198184). While explaining the solution though, the reader is taken back and forth to interviews with residents. Therefore the narrator is still in the phase of discovering truths, while explaining solutions already found.This is perhaps not so typical of a detective novel. On the other hand, the back and forth eventually allows for the narrator to bring the information together so that the reader can perceive how events have turned out. He continues to explain other questions su ch as why Placida Linero locked the door (1981119). The suspense the crime Santiago Nasar committed is never solved but the narrator provides a reason why it was uncertain. It was because the judge did not find a single indication, not even the virtually unlikely one, that Santiago Nasar had been the cause of the wrong (1981100).An explanation of the aftermath of the murder is given (198184-99) the narrator adding that most of those who could have done something to prevent the crime and still didnt do it consoled themselves (198198), which further proves the residents trying to justify their actions. In essence, Gabriel Garcia Marquez wrote Chronicle of a Death Foretold as an inspired novel (based on true events, Sansalvador, G. 2010) providing a comment (or chronicle) of the crime. The narrator and his personal relationship with the victim and the residents, tells the story from his point of view, although he allows others chance to tell theirs.He has read the autopsy report (19 8175) and has scavenged some 322 pages filched from the more than 500 that the brief must have had. (1981100) Chronicle of a Death Foretold, although not a detective novel, uses elements thereof and turns journalistic as the narrator recovered numerous marginal experiences (198143) in order to compose up a chronicle based on the last pieces of testimony (198187SOURCES CONSULTEDDictionary.com. O Available http//dictionary.reference.com/ Accessed on 19 March 2012 Marquez, G. 1981. Chronicle of a Death Foretold. Spain Penguin Books. Sansalvador, G. 2010. Film, Literature and Society. Only study guide for WLL2602. PretoriaUniversity of South AfricaSparkNotes Editors. SparkNote on Chronicle of a Death Foretold. O Available http//www.sparknotes.com/lit/chrondeath/ Accessed on 19 March 2012 Wallace, Hannah. Miller, W.C. ed. *Chronicle of a Death Foretold Study pass by Summary and Analysis of Chapter 2*. O Available http//www.gradesaver.com/chronicle-of-a-death-foretold Accessed on 19 Ma rch 2012Elaine Swanepoel Student Number 48170399 WLL2602 Assignment 02 Unique Number 756601

It/205 Week 8 Checkpoint

The U. S. nosecount Bureau attempted to employ a Field Data appeal Automation (FDCA) program to expedite the battle array of learning. The FDCA project is important to the nose count Bureau for many designers. The outset reason is the reduction of costs associated with the gathering of randomness. Going accession to door with reputation forms is high-priced. The actual forms that atomic number 18 utilise cost the judicature mass amounts of currency to produce. These forms ar past peddled door to door by quite a little who are paid wages and end in ink by residents.The forms then need to be submitted to a local office where another prole who in like manner needs to be paid for their time then keys the information in manually. These numbers and selective information are influential in allocating national official monies to authentic areas of each(prenominal) terra firma and county. Additionally, senate district lines are drawn ground on population. If these f igures are inaccurate, ascribable to human error, funds that are in the main allotted for a current area could be reduced. This reduction could be active many programs in the area.Road upkeep, friendly services and emergency response are just a few of the areas that could be impacted. Simply put, accurate selective information collection is needed to realize that everyone in all parts of the verdant get their fair share. The failed carrying out of the tuner handheld devices was plagued with issues from every direct and department. On the national level, drop of superint closingence posed the largest issue. The national sphere of influence suffers from lack of oversight because in the private sector incentives are offered for the successful, well-timed and cost effective rollout of corresponding programs.Because no one was to receive bonuses or other incentives on the federal level a lack of oversight was easily achieved. The Harris Corporation was promise to build and test the handheld devices including the software. The federal government did not efficaciously convey information about the numerate program to Harris. This poor communicating made the development of the handheld devices super difficult. Harris was also at happy chance for not providing updates on progress. The program was also plagued with technology issues caused by miscommunication.Risk centering was not adequately studied to evince potential issues with the handheld devices. The devices were plagued with bleak speeds while transmitting information to a central office. Once the information was received other twits and flaws within the placement made the information inaccurate. The government and Harris both share the blame for the paradox that ended up be taxpayers billions of dollars. The fortunes involved with this project were easily palpable from the beginning.With so much federal money on the line fair steps could down been interpreted to catch that taxp ayer burden would be minimized. The first step that should bugger off been taken was to set up a direction or group of people that including congressmen, technology consultants and financial advisors. When undertaking such(prenominal) a large and costly undertaking with taxpayer money at second it is necessary to be accountable. Members of the mental faculty on the federal and private end should have been in invariant contact with each other to ensure that problems and issues were resolved.I would have set up a matter at each end so they could effectively pass along the needs of the government to Harris and Harris could relay known issues with the government. Testing and risk assessment should have been a priority and as such should have properly researched and monitored throughout the entire process. every technical specifications should have been distinctly communicated between both entities and having a liaison on both ends would have facilitated proper development. I w ould have ensured that wireless networks were available at certain areas and that proper software was written that was bug free long in the lead actual rollout.It/205 Week 8 CheckpointThe U. S. Census Bureau attempted to employ a Field Data Collection Automation (FDCA) program to expedite the collection of information. The FDCA project is important to the Census Bureau for many reasons. The first reason is the reduction of costs associated with the collection of information. Going door to door with paper forms is costly. The actual forms that are used cost the government mass amounts of money to produce. These forms are then peddled door to door by people who are paid wages and completed in ink by residents.The forms then need to be submitted to a local office where another worker who also needs to be paid for their time then keys the information in manually. These numbers and data are influential in allocating federal monies to certain areas of each state and county. Additionally, senate district lines are drawn based on population. If these figures are inaccurate, due to human error, funds that are generally allotted for a certain area could be reduced. This reduction could affect many programs in the area.Road upkeep, social services and emergency response are just a few of the areas that could be impacted. Simply put, accurate data collection is needed to ensure that everyone in all parts of the country get their fair share. The failed implementation of the wireless handheld devices was plagued with issues from every level and department. On the federal level, lack of oversight posed the largest issue. The federal sector suffers from lack of oversight because in the private sector incentives are offered for the successful, timely and cost effective rollout of similar programs.Because no one was to receive bonuses or other incentives on the federal level a lack of oversight was easily achieved. The Harris Corporation was contracted to build and test the ha ndheld devices including the software. The federal government did not effectively convey information about the census program to Harris. This poor communication made the development of the handheld devices extremely difficult. Harris was also at fault for not providing updates on progress. The program was also plagued with technology issues caused by miscommunication.Risk management was not adequately studied to show potential issues with the handheld devices. The devices were plagued with slow speeds while transmitting information to a central office. Once the information was received other bugs and flaws within the system made the information inaccurate. The government and Harris both share the blame for the conundrum that ended up costing taxpayers billions of dollars. The risks involved with this project were easily visible from the beginning.With so much federal money on the line simple steps could have been taken to ensure that taxpayer burden would be minimized. The first ste p that should have been taken was to set up a committee or group of people that including congressmen, technology consultants and financial advisors. When undertaking such a large and costly undertaking with taxpayer money at stake it is necessary to be accountable. Members of the staff on the federal and private end should have been in constant contact with each other to ensure that problems and issues were resolved.I would have set up a liaison at each end so they could effectively relay the needs of the government to Harris and Harris could relay known issues with the government. Testing and risk assessment should have been a priority and as such should have properly researched and monitored throughout the entire process. All technical specifications should have been clearly communicated between both entities and having a liaison on both ends would have facilitated proper development. I would have ensured that wireless networks were available at certain areas and that proper soft ware was written that was bug free long before actual rollout.