Causes of the Development of Pakistans Banking Sector

Causes of the Development of Pakistans margeing SectorABSTRACTThe objective of this discipline is to examine the determinants of ontogenesis of banking orbit from the perspective of historical gross domestic product, usher out run, contend nakedness and monetary Liberalization by using annual selective information from 1970 to 2007. In this demand, Liquid Liabilities, Private sphere character reference and Domestic honorable mention are hold as index number of banking domain victimization. The finding of this look shows negative similitudeship between Trade nudity and teaching of banking arena reading. Discount rate is having a of import wallop on banking celestial sphere ontogenesis when Private area character and Domestic credit is employ as the index number while current GDP is form signifi hindquarterst when Liquid Liabilities and Domestic credit is use as indicator of Banking welkin Development. Generalized form of data has been utilize in thi s field of battle.Keywords Banking Sector development, Real GDP, Trade openness, Discount Rate, pecuniary LiberalizationINTRODUCTIONThe monetary domain of Pakistan has shown a straight harvest in past few years, just on that point is understood need for continuous development. The fiscal domain of Pakistan consists of a variety of specialized monetary institutions commercial banks, DFIs, NBFCs, micro finance banks, Muslim banks, Modarbas, Stock Exchange and Insurance companies. Thus the whole financial sector of Pakistan offers a wide range of products and services to its customers.(Zaidi, 2005) res publicas that harvest-tide of financial sector is significantly related with economic growth in that locationfore, country needs sound developed financial sector in order to fully utilize the financial resources. Banking system has a significant importance in financial market.Banking Sector of Pakistan is an important financial intermediary and responsible for the econom ic growth in the country. In 1990, Denationalization of Government owned banks go for changed the boilers suit scenario of the banking sector of Pakistan. After the amendments in banking companies ordinance, Muslim Commercial Bank (MCB) and confederate bank modified (ABL) were denationalized in 1991 and 1993 respectively. The process of denationalization remains hang up for matters of years and was restarted in early 2000s, when United Bank Limited (UBL) was privatized. In 2004, Habib Bank Limited (HBL) was also denationalized and collectible to which, the asset bureau of public sector banks was reduced to 25% at that time. In the farthermost decade, state bank of Pakistan has made several efforts in promoting the Moslem modes of financing. In 2002, the first Islamic bank was established below the name of Meezan bank. Since then, the number of Islamic banks has been opened. Various traditional banks are now opening Islamic specialized branches. At the end of 2009, total assets of the Islamic banking live reached to 366.3 billions and the deposits in Islamic banks have reached to 282.6 billions1. At the end of calendar year 2009, there are 9522 total branches of banks in Pakistan which shows an gain of 376 branches in banking sector from the third quarter of 2009. Moreover, the asset base of banking sector has shown a growth of 7 percent over the last quarter.(Yasmin, Jehan, Chaudhary, 2006) explains that after independence in 1947, Pakistan avoided mete out openness because of weak industrial structure. In 1960s, industrial base was set(p) and manufacturing industry expanded widely in Pakistan. even so, industrial expansion grammatical slipperiness setback in 1970s due to nationalization of industries. In 1980s, IMF and manhood Bank provided facilities to the Pakistan in order to initiate the financial restructuring in country. A loan of $150 million and $200 Million was provided for this purpose under monetary sector adjustment loan? in 1 989 and 1997 respectively. Another intention named as financial sector deepening and Intermediation project was initiated in 1995. The estimated worth of that project was $216 million. (Hanif, 2002)Despite of the remarkable performance since last ii decades, the banking sector of Pakistan is less developed and remains sm all in all in relation to the economy, when it is compared to the other banking sectors of the world. This shows that a number of financial and banking needs are still ignored and that much of the economic potential of Pakistan is not achieved yet.LITERATURE look into(Christopoulos Tsionas, 2004) states there is no one opinion of economist on the publicize of financial development and growth of economy. (Pagano, 1993) describes that savings are mobilized towards the productive investiture due to financial deepening which helps in improving corporate governance. (Khan Qayyum, 2007) says there are 3 major channels through which financial development can affe ct economic growth (i) marginal productivity of bully can be growthd (ii) savings are directed towards the investment (iii) direct of private saving rate can be increased.The consanguinity of economic growth and financial development was first discussed by (Goldsmith, 1969), (McKinnon, 1973) and (Shaw, 1973). Their study shows that there is a positive relationship between financial development and the level of output i.e. when the financial market go away increase the credit level, the investment allow increase thus, showing that real income and real liaison rate is a positive function of financial development. (Yu Gan, 2010) study shows that due to positive real kindle rate, the mobilization of savings of banks increases and it also increases the growth with the increase in volume and productivity of capital.(Yanikkaya, 2003) argues that peck openness has a significant impact on the GDP share. In developing countries, make out openness creates new opportunities to increa se the growth process and hence the unemployment level decrease. (Jin, 2000) states that trade openness facilitates in establishing the development process. Moreover, local technology and performance process can be improved through trade liberalisation. one and only(a) school of thoughts is of view that the financial loosening is also a major contributor towards the financial development in developing countries. financial liberalization means the deregulation of domestic financial markets and liberalization of the capital account.? (Attaullah, Cockerill, Le, 2004) by trial and error shows that the effectiveness of banking sector is improved avocation the financial liberalization. (Bekaert, Harvey, Lundblad, 2005) Suggests that there is a significant relationship between financial liberalization and economic growth. However, (Stiglitz, 2000) argues that increase in financial liberalization enhances the macro economic vulnerability of nations and receives of crises becomes si gnificant. The study of (Gong, Lee, Chen, 2004) supported the fact that increase in financial liberalization can cause crisis. (Wyplosz, 2001) suggested that financial liberalization is effective if the objective is to increase the contest and decrease the monopoly powers. However, financial liberalization is quite risky for developing countries. many developing countries in Asia and Europe have grown faster unconstipated with strong financial restraints.MODEL SPECIFICATIONBased on the preceding(prenominal) literature, we can propose that in Pakistan, banking sector development is a function of real Gross Domestic Products (RGDP), Discount date (DR) and Trade openness (TO) and Financial Liberalization (FL). This can also be shown asBSD Pak = f (RGDP, RI, TO, FL)Where, BSD Pak = Banking Sector Development of PakistanIn this study, we have used following theoretical accounts which are estimated by using least square techniques. In model 1, we will use Liquid liabilities as the in dicator of banking sector development. In model 2, Private Sector Credit will be used as the indicator of banking sector development where as in model 3, domestic credit will be used as the indicator of banking sector development. (Yu Gan, 2010)ln LL= o+1ln RGDP+ 2 DR + 3TO+ 4FL + eln PRI= o+ 1ln RGDP+ 2 DR + 3 TO+ 4FL+ eln DC= o+1ln RGDP+ 2 DR + 3 TO+ 4FL+ ewhere,ln LL= Natural logarithm of liquid liabilitiesln PRI= Natural logarithm of Private sector Creditln DC= Natural logarithm of Domestic CreditData sourceWe have used annual data from 1970 to 2007 in this study. The data is obtained from the World Bank database and international financial statistics. However, Financial Liberalization Index of Pakistan, constructed by (Waliullah, 2010) is used in this study. Real GDP (RGDP) is calculated by using following formulaEMPIRICAL METHODOLOGYIn this study, Ordinary least(prenominal) square(a) (OLS) technique has been used. In order to run the OLS model, order of desegregation of both variable is determined. There are two methods to examine the order of integration i.e. Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test and Phillps-Perron test. In this study, we will use ADF test for examining hold up the data is stationary or non-stationary. We will run co-integration test when all variables becomes stationary at same level. The generalized form of data has been used in this study.In model 1, liquid liabilities have been used as an indicator of banking sector development. Table 1 show that Real GDP, Financial Liberalization and Trade openness are statistically significant and Discount rate is not statistically significant to the development of banking sector in Pakistan. However, Trade openness is mutually related with liquid liabilities which means that increase in trade openness will lastly affects the development of banking sector. While, Real GDP and Financial liberalization have a significant impact on the banking sector development i.e. higher Real GDP and Financia l Liberalization in Pakistan will racetracks towards development of banking sector. R square is (.99) which shows substantial explanation of in myrmecophilous variables in strung-out variables.Table 2. OLS Results of Model 2 (Private Sector Credit)Dependent Variable PRIMethod Least SquaresDate 01/24/11 Time 1616 attempt 1970 2007Included observations 38VariableCoefficientStd. Errort-StatisticProb.RGDP-7.6846145.715274-1.3445750.1879TO-7.5251193.603842-2.0880820.0446DR25.877139.2228092.8057750.0084FL-0.2040281.108112-0.1841220.8550C0.0331180.0905510.3657390.7169R-square0.343149Mean interdependent var0.041883 adjust R-squared0.263531S.D. dependent var0.648747S.E. of regression0.556741Akaike info touchstone1.788644Sum squared resid10.22868Schwarz criterion2.004116Log likelihood-28.98424F-statistic4.309923Durbin-Watson stat1.880175Prob(F-statistic)0.006483In model 2, we have used Private sector credit as an indicator of development of banking sector in Pakistan. Results of table 2 i ndicate that rebate rate and trade openness have significant impact on the development of banking sector. However, Trade openness is mutually related to the banking sector development. Financial liberalization and Real GDP are not found statistically significant. R square of model 2 is (.34) which shows that independent variables are explaining 34 % of the dependent variable.OLS Results of Model 3 (Domestic Credit)Dependent Variable DCMethod Least SquaresDate 01/24/11 Time 1620Sample 1970 2007Included observations 38VariableCoefficientStd. Errort-StatisticProb.RGDP0.2894000.002316124.97550.0000TO-0.0071900.001983-3.6265260.0010DR0.0140200.0052402.6754960.0115FL0.0012110.0003073.9384390.0004C-6.23E-064.61E-06-1.3516920.1857R-squared0.999939Mean dependent var-1.15E-05Adjusted R-squared0.999931S.D. dependent var0.003380S.E. of regression2.80E-05Akaike info criterion-18.00387Sum squared resid2.59E-08Schwarz criterion-17.78840Log likelihood347.0735F-statistic134392.7Durbin-Watson stat1. 559156Prob(F-statistic)0.000000In model 3, we have used domestic credit as an indicator of banking sector development. Results of table 3 indicate that all variables are statistically significant to the development of banking sector of Pakistan. R square of model 3 is (.99) which shows that independent variables have a significant impact on the dependent variable. (Goldsmith, 1969)As mentioned above, generalized form of data has been used in this study and numbers of tests have been applied on these three models and there is no serial correlation, heteroscedasticity.CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSIONThe topics of this study shows that Trade openness is inversely related to the development of banking sector in Pakistan in all three models which validates the findings of (Siddiqui Iqbal, 2005) that Trade openness negatively affects the economic growth of a country. However these results are not according to the findings of (Miller Upadhyay, 2000) which states that trade openness leads to th e development of financial sector. Moreover this study also does not support the findings of (Yu Gan, 2010) which states that trade openness have no impact on the development of banking sector.In case of Liquid liabilities as indicator of banking sector development, it is clear that Real GDP and Financial liberalization have the significant impact on the development of banking sector of Pakistan. This result is according to the findings of (Yu Gan, 2010) and (Attaullah et al, 2004) which show that Real GDP and Financial Liberalization significantly impact the banking sector development. It means that increase in Real GDP and Financial Liberalization will lead the banking sector of Pakistan towards prosperity.In case of Private sector credit as the indicator of banking sector development, it is found that discount rate is statistically significant to the banking sector development. It means that increase in discount rate will lead towards increase in private sector credit which wil l eventually results in financial sector development. However, financial liberalization was found inversely related to the banking sector development and Real GDP was not found significant which is against the findings of (Yu Gan, 2010) which identifies that Real GDP has a significant impact on the development of financial sector of Pakistan when Private sector credit is interpreted as indicator of banking sector development.In case of Domestic credit as indicator of development of banking sector, results shows that all four variables are statistically significant to the financial sector development which are according to the findings of (Rajan Zingales, 1998), (Cetorelli Gambera, 2001) which states that Financial Liberalization and Real GDP significantly impact the development of financial sector.PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATIONS FOR BANKING SECTOROn the basis of the findings of this study, we can conclude that trade openness is having inverse relationship with the banking sector develo pment. As a result of Trade openness, the less developed banking sector of Pakistan faces tough competition from the developed financial sector of other countries. Moreover, increase in trade openness increases the countrys exposure to international shocks i.e. if any economy faces will suffer a crisis, there will be more chance of transferring crisis in Pakistan.Discount rate is also found significant in this study when Private sector credit and Domestic credit was used as an indicator of banking sector development. When the discount rate will be high, financial institutions will be encouraged to get loan from state bank of Pakistan. Banks usually uses discount rate as benchmark interest rate when they further lend the money to borrowers. So increasing the discount rate will eventually lead the banking sector to development.

High Performance Liquid Chromatography Experiment

tall Performance Liquid Chromatography ExperimentINTRODUCTIONpharmaceutic Analysis may be destined as the application of analytic occasions consumptiond to determine the purity, safety and quality of doses and chemicals. The term Pharmaceutical synopsis is otherwise called quantitative pharmaceutical chemistry. Pharmaceutical psycho synopsis includes twain qualitative and quantitative analysis of drugs and pharmaceutical substances starts from masses drugs to the finished dosage forms. In the juvenile practice of medicine, the analytic systems ar apply in the analysis of chemical constituents found in human body whose altered tightnesss during illness states serve as diagnostic aids and in like manner used to go the medical agents and their metabolites found in biological system.Qualitative inorganic analysis seeks to establish the front man of given element or inorganic escalate in a sample.Qualitative organic analysis seeks to establish the presence of a given f unctional group or organic involved in a sample.QuantitativeQuantitative analysis seeks to establish the nitty-gritty of a given element or compound in a sample.The term quality as applied to a drug mathematical product has been defined as the sum of all federal agents, which contribute directly or indirectly to the safety, goodness and reliability of the product. These properties ar built into drug products by dint of research and during exhibit by procedures collectively referred to as choice control. Quality control guarantees with in reasonable limits that a drug productsIs free of impurities.Is physically and chemically stableContains the amount of active ingredients as stated on the label andProvides optimal release of active ingredients when the product is administered.Most flairrn analytical chemistry is categorized by two variant approaches much(prenominal) as analytical targets or analytical rules.INTRODUCTION FOR CHROMATOGRAPHYHigh consummation fluent chrom atography is the process, which sepe pass judgment mixture containing two or much comp integritynts under luxuriously pressure. In this the stationary pattern is packed in towboat one end of which is accustomed to a source of pressurized liquid erratic strain.High exercise liquid chromatography is the profuseed growing analytical technique for the analysis of drug. Its simplicity, spunky specificity and big jog of sensitivity makes its ideal for the analysis of many drugs in both dosage form and biologic fluids.HPLC is also known as High performance liquid chromatography. It is essential form column chromatography in which the stationary anatomy is consists of a gauzy particles (3-5om) packing contained in a column with a small bore (2-5mm), one end of which is attached to source of pressurized liquid eluent( planetary mannikin).Different Types of Principles According to the courses involved, HPLC can be categorise into some(prenominal) types, which ar as fol pet ty(a)s nonemal stagecoach Chromatography (NPC)Reverse Phase Chromatography (RPC)Liquid Solid Chromatography or adsorption HPLCLiquid Liquid Chromatography or Partition HPLCIon exchange Chromatography or Ion exchange HPLCSize exclusion or gel permeation or steric exclusion HPLC1. Normal Phase Chromatography (NPC) In normal conformation chromatography, the stationary level is more polar and so the fluid phase, and the mobile phase is a mixture of organic solvents with erupt added weewee (e.g. isopropane with hexane) and the column packing is either an inorganic adsorbent (silica) argon a polar bonded phase (cyanno, diol, amino) on a silica support. sample distribution retention in normal phase chromatography increases with the polarity of mobile phase decreases. They are eluted in the order of increasing polarities.2. Reverse Phase Chromatography (RPC) In reverse-phase chromatography, the stationary phase is less polar than the mobile phase and the mobile phase is a mixtur e of organic and aqueous phase. Reverse-phase chromatography is typically more convenient and rugged than the other forms of liquid chromatography and is more likely to vector sum in a satisfactory final insularism. High performance RPC columns are efficient, stable and reproducible. In this, the solutes are eluted in the order of their decreasing polarities. These are prepared by treating the surface silanol group of site with an organic chloro silane reagent. orchestrationRECORDERSCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF HPLCa. Pumps Pumps are needed to deliver a constant decrease of mobile phase at pressures ranging from 1 550 gin mill pumps capable of pressure up to 6000 psi provide a wide range of persist rates of mobile phase, typically from 0.01-10ml min-1. Low flow rates (10-100l min-1) are used with micro bore columns, mediocre flow rates (0.5-2ml min-1) are used with conventional analytical HPLC columns, and fast flow rates are used for preparative or rig preparative columns and for s lurry packing techniques.Mechanical pumps of the reciprocating piston type view a pulsating supply of mobile phase. A damping device is there fore necessitate to smooth out the pulses so that excessive noise at juicy levels of sensitivity or low pressure does non detract from signal detection of small quantities of sample. This type of pump is mostly used.Dual piston reciprocating pumps get out an almost pulse free flow because the two pistons are conservatively faced so that as one is filling the other is pumping. These pumps are more expensive than single piston pumps but are of pull ahead when use a flow sensitive sensor such as ultraviolet or refractive business leader detector.b. Injection SystemsInjection ports are of two basic types, (A) those in which the sample with injected directly into the column and (B) those in which the sample is deposited beforehand the column inlet and hence swept by a valving action into the column by the mobile phase.c. ColumnsHPLC c olumns are make of high-pitched quality stainless steel, polish internally to a reverberate finish. Standard analytical columns are 4-5 mm internal diam and 10-30 cm in distance. Shorted columns (3-6 cm) containing a smaller particles size packing material (3 or 5 m) recruit similar or better efficiencies, in damage of the number of theoretical plates ( about 7000), that those of 20 cm columns containing 10 m sec particles and are used an short analysis time and highest throughput of samples are required. small bore columns of 1-2 mm internal diameter and 10-25 cm in length have certain advantages of lower detection limits and lower consumption of solvent, the latter(prenominal) being important if expensive HPLC rove solvents are used. HPLC are also being carried out on the semi preparative scales by utilise columns of 7-10 mm or 20-40 mm internal diameter respectively.d. DetectorsThe most astray used detectors for liquid chromatography areDetectorAnalytesSolvent Requirem entsCommentsUV-VisibleAny with chromophoresUV-grade non UV sorb solventsHas degree of selectivity and useful for many HPLC applicationsFluorescenceFluorescent compoundsUV-grade non UV absorbing solventsHighly selective and sensitive, often used to analyze derivitized compoundsRefractive indexCompounds with different RI than mobile phaseCannot run mobile phase gradients moderate sensitivityConductivityCharged or polar compoundsMobile phase mustiness be conductingExcellent for ion exchange compoundsElectrochemicalReadily change or reduced compounds, specially biological samplesMobile phase must be conductingVery selective and sensitiveMass-SpectrometerBroad range compounds mustiness use volatile solvents or volatile buffersHighly sensitive. Many modes available. postulate trained personTheoretical principles of HPLCa. Retention time The time is required between the injection point and the placard supreme is called the retention time. It is denoted as the Rt. It is mainly useful for the qualitative analysis for the identification of compound.b. Capacity factor It represents the molar ratio of the compound in the stationary phase and the mobile phase. It is independent of column length and mobile phase flow rate. It is denoted as the k. It should be kept 1-10. If k determine are too low it is likely that the solutes may be adequately resolved and for high k care fors the analysis time is too long. It can be cipher bytr t0k = -t0tr = Retention time, t0 = Dead time.c. shadowing factor imminent study of a chromatographic show that the Gaussian forms is usually not completely symmetrical. The graph spread out to a greater or lesser extent, forming a tail. It reduces the column plate number which intern influences the re response. Tailing is mainly due to deteriorated column, overloading column, extra column-volumes, and incompatibility of sample with exemplification and/or mobile phase. Practically it can be calculated or obstinate at 10% of the total b loom height. It must not be greater than 2.0d. Resolution The degree of separation of one component from other is described by the resolution. It is generally denoted by Rs. It is measured as the dissimilarity in retention time and the arithmetic mean of the two extremum widths.tr2 tr1Rs = 0.5(w1 + w2)tr2 = Retention time of first inflorescence w1 = width of first peaktr1 = Retention time of second peak w2 = width of second peake. Theoretical plates It is important property of the column. It reflects its quality of separation and its ability to produce sharp, narrow peak and achieving goodly resolution of peak. N denotes it.3500 X L (cm)Theoretical plates = -dp(m)L = length of the column in cm, dp = diameter of the particle (m)It follows that if the exchange is fast and efficient, the theoretical plate will be small in size and there will be walloping number of plates in the column.f. Height equivalent to theoretical plate (HETP) subject of plates directly proportional to t he column length (L) and inversely proportional to the diameter of the particles (dp). The value of H is a criterion for the quality of a column. land the HETP, higher is the efficiency of the column. Its value depends upon particle size, flow rate, viscosity of mobile phase.H = L/NL = Length of column, N = No. of theoretical plateHPLC system snap offmentThe wide variety of equipment, columns, eluent and running(a) parameters involved makes high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) mode development come out complex. The main objective of method development is to obtain a good separation with minimum time and effort. Based on the goal of separation, the method development is preceded. The steps involved areInformation on sample, define separation goalsNeed for special HPLC procedure, sample pretreatment, etc.Choose detector and detector settingsChoose LC method, preliminary runEstimate best separation conditionsOptimize separation conditionsCheck for problems or requirement for special procedure ecesis for release to routine laboratoryThe future(a) must be considered when developing an HPLC methodKeep it uncomplicatedTry the most frequent columns and stationary phases firstThoroughly investigate binary mobile phases before going on to ternaryThink of the factors that are likely to be significant in achieving the desired resolution.Mobile phase piece of music, for example, is the most mighty way of optimizing selectivity whereas temperature has a minor effect and would only achieve small selectivity changes. pH will only significantly affect the retention of light-headed acids and bases.VALIDATION OF ANALYTICAL METHOD IN PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS verification is documented evidence, which is completed to ensure that an analytical method is accurate, reproducible and heavy-armed over the specific range. The quality of the analytical info is a name factor in the success of a drug development program. The process of method development and validatio n has a direct impact on the quality of these data. mode validationMethod validation is the process to put up that analytical procedure employed for a specific test is adequate for its intended use. Method needs to be validated or revalidated in advance their introduction into routine useWhenever the conditions changes for which the method has been validated , e.g., instrument with different characteristicsWhenever the method is changed, and the change is outside the original scope of the method.Depending on the use of the assay, different parameters will have to be measured during the assay validation. ICH and several regulatory bodies and Pharmacopoeia have published information on the validation of analytical proceduresMETHOD VALIDATION PARAMETERSSPECIFICITY.ACCURACY.PRECISION.LINEARITY.ROBUSTNESS.SOLUTION STABILITY.The goal of the validation process is to gainsay the method and determine the limit of allowed variability for the conditions needed to run the method. The followi ng statistical parameters are to be determined to validate the create method. correlativity coefficient(r)When the changes in one variable are associated or followed by changes in the other, it is called correlation. The numerical measure of correlation is called the coefficient of correlation and is defined by the relation. (x x) (y -y)r = (x -x) 2 (y -yRegression equationRegression equation= I + aCY2 Y1a = slope = X2 X1I = Intercept = regression a CAs a percentage of mean absorbance.3. Standard DeviationS = (X- X) 2/N 1Where, X = observed valuesX = Arithmetic mean = X/NN = moment of deviationsFor practical interpretation it is more convenient to express S in terms of percent of the approximate average of the range of analysis is used in the calculation of S. This is called co-efficient of variation (C.V) or percent relative blood line deviation (%RSD).C.V OR %RSD = 100* S/ XCriteria for Validation of the MethodCHARACTERISTICSACCEPTABLE RANGESpecificityNo InterferenceAc curacyRecovery (98-102%)precisenessRSD LinearityCorrelation Coefficient(r)0.99Range80-120%Stability24h or 12hDRUG inditeRIZATRIPTAN BENZOATEStructureChemical name N,N diethyl -5-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-1-ylmetyl)-1HIndole-3 Ethanamine monobenzoateMolecular Formula C15H19N5.C6H5COOHMolecular exercising weight 391.47Description White crystalline powderMelting point 178-1800Csolvability Sparingly soluble in water and methanolStorage transmit tight container protect from light.Drug Category Anti migraine drugTHERAPEUTIC RATIONALRIZATRIPTAN BENZOATECLINICAL PHARMACOLOGYMechanism of actionRizatriptan binds with high affinity to human 5-HTIB and 5-HTID receptors leading to cranial blood vessel constriction.Pharmacokinetics tightnessCompletely absorbed from GI tract, absolute bioavailability is 45% plasma peak concentration attained with in 1-1.5 hours (conventional diggings )or 1.6-2.5 hours (orally disintegrating tablet)after oral administration.DistributionCrosses placenta and is dist ributed in to milk in animal, no studies in pregnant or breast feeding women.MetabolismMetabolized principally via oxidative deamination by Mao-A to an inactive indole acetic acid metaboliteEliminationExcreted principally in urine(14% of dose as unchanged drug and 51 % a indole acetic acid metaboliteAdverse doDry mouthDizzinessPain tightness/pressure in neck/throat/jaw.NauseaChest painParasthesiaFatigue venereal infection and administrationThe dose range of Rizatriptan benzoate is 10-30mg orally once daily.Rizatriptan benzoate can be administer orally disintegrating tablet with out meals.LITERATURE REVIEWSasmitha Kumar et al has been certain UV spectroscopic method for estimation of Rizatriptan benzoate.The drug shows maximum absorption at 277 nm and 281 nm and obeys beer-lamberts law in the concentration of 0.5-20 g/ml at 277 nm and 0.5-80 g/ml at 281 nm respectively. The percentage recovery was found to be 97-100%.Madhukar et al has been developed reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of Rizatriptan benzoate. The proposed method utilized column L1 inertsil ODS-3v, 250 nmx4.6 mm having particle size, 5m. The mobile phases were comprised of A, B of Acetonitrile and buffer pH 6.5 at UV detection 225 nm.The method shows recovery 96.64-97.71Sachin jagthap et al has been developed stability indicating reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of Rizatriptan benzoate in bulk powder and in pharmaceutical formulations. The method utilizes c18 column having prop 250mmx4.6 mm having particle size,5.0 m using a mobile phase 0.01M sodium dihydrogen phosphate buffer Methanol , at a flow rate 1ml/min at ambient temperature and detected at 225 nm.and the method was validated according to ICH guidelinesQuizi zhang et al has been developed, a high performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of Rizatriptan benzoate in human plasma.using asingle step liqid liqid parentage with metyl tertiary butyl ether, the analytes separated usig amobile phase consisting of 0.05%v/v triehylamine in water slumping ph 2.75 with 85% phosphoric acid and acetonitrile.fluroscence detection was performed at an annoyance wavelength of 225 nm and an emission wavelength of 360 nm.The linearity for rizatriptan was within the concentration range of 0.5-50ng/ml.Rajendra Kumar et al has been developed and validated stability a stability indicating high performance liquid chromatographic method for Rizatriptan benzoate.The force degradation studies were performed on bulk sample of Rizatriptan benzoate. The method utilizes a zorbax SB-CN column with dimension of 250 mmx4.6 mm, 5um column. The mobile phase consists of a mixture of aqueous potassium dihydrogen ortho phosphate (ph3.4), acetonitrile and methanol.Rauza bagh et al has been developed a spectroscopic method for analysis of Rizatriptan benzoate in bulk and tablet dosage form. The Rizatriptan benzoate shows maximum absor bance at 225 nm. Beers law was obeyed in the concentration range of 1-10g/ml.AIM AND PLAN OF WORKThe present aim is to develop a new simple and rapid analytical method to approximate the Rizatriptan benzoateThe plan of the proposed work includes the following stepsTo undertake solvability studies for analytical studies of Rosuvastatin calciumDevelop sign chromatographic conditions.Setting up of initial chromatographic conditions for the assay of Rosuvastatin calcium Optimization of initial chromatographic conditions.Validation of the developed HPLC Analytical method according to ICH method validation parameters.data-basedNEW RP-HPLC METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF RIZATRIPTAN BENZOATE IN TABLET DOSAGE modelA simple reverse phase HPLC methods was developed for the determination of Rizatriptan benzoate in tablet dosage form. Zorbax Eclipse XBD C18 (250 cm - 4.6 mm) column in isocratic mode with mobile phase Buffer ph 5.0 Methanol (8020) was used and pH-3 modify with tri ethylamine. T he flow rate was 1.0 ml/min and UV detection at 225nm. The retention time 3.0 min. The proposed method was also validated.EXPERIMENTAL1. InstrumentationShimadzu LC-10A HPLC clean pump Gelmon scienceElico SL-164 double beam UV-Visible spectrophotometerUltra sonicator 3.5L 100(pci)2. ChemicalsWater HPLC gradeMethanol HPLC grade (Merck)Potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate(AR Grade)Triethylamine (AR Grade)5.1 OPTIMIZATION1. Selection of wavelengthAfter solubility study for the drug solvent was selected and appropriate concentration of Rizatriptan benzoate standardizeds with solvent were prepared. The solution were then scanned by using doubl beam UV-Visible spectrophotometer the range between 200-400nm.The overlain spectra for the both drug were observed and maximum wavelength was finally selected.2. Selection of mobile phaseTo develop a prcised and robust HPLC method for determination of Rizatriptan benzoate , its standard solution were injected in the HPLC system. After literature su rvey and solubility data different composition of mobile phase of different flow rates were employed in order to determine the best condition for effective separation of drugs.3. Selection of columnInitially different C8 and C18 columns were tried for selected composition of mobile phase and quality of peaks were observed for the drugs. Finally the column was amend upon the satisfactory results of various system suitability parameters such as column efficiency, retention time, tailing factor / peak asymmetry of the peaks.Other parameters such as flow rate, column temperature etc. were selected by varying its value up to certain levels and results were observed. The value at satisfactory results were obtained has been selected for the method. The final excerpt of chromatographic conditions as followsOptimized chromatographic conditionsPreparation of Buffer ph 5.0Dissove 2.76 gm of potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate in 1000ml of HPLC water plus 5.0 mlof Triethylamine. mixing and a djust PH 5.0 with orthophosporic acid. Filter with 0.45u nylon filter.Preparation of mobile phaseThe mobile phase was prepared by mixing Buffer Methanol (8020). the solution was then filtered through 0.45m membrane filter and sonicated.Preparation of standard stock solutionStandard solution of the pure drug was prepared by dissolving 73.0 mg of Rizatriptan benzoate in 100ml volumetric flask. The drugs were dissolved by using mobile phase as a diluent. Add about 50ml of diluent and sonicate to dissolve. Make up the volume with diluent. Mix well. pass on dilute 5.0ml of the above solution to 250ml with diluent, mix well.Preparation of sample solutionWeight and depute 10 intact tablet in into a100ml volumetric flask. Add about 50ml of diluent and sonicate for 15 min and make up the volume with diluent. Mix well, filter through 25 mm 0.45 u nylon , discard 4ml filtrate. Further dilute 5ml of the solution to 250 ml with diluent and mix well.CONCLUSIONThe rating of obtained values sug gests that the proposed HPLC methods provide simple, precise, rapid and robust quantitative analytical method for determination of Rizatriptan benzoate in tablet dosage form. The mobile phase is simple to prepare and economical. After validating proposed method as per ICH guidelines and correlating obtained values with the standard values, satisfactory results were obtained.Hence, the method can be easily and conveniently espouse for routine estimation of Rizatriptan benzoate in tablet dosage form.

Communication Is The Essence Of Life English Language Essay

communion Is The core group Of Life English Langu duration EssayIntroductionAny act by which wholeness person gives to or receives from other person randomness about that persons rents, desires, perceptions, knowledge, or affective states. communicating whitethorn be well-educated or unintentional, may involve conventional or unconventional signals, may take linguistic or nonlinguistic variety shows, and may occur by dint of spoken or other modes.Communication is the intercourse by oral dialogue, earn or messages- Fred G. Meyer.Imagine a world without dialogueYou halt a brilliant plan with you but dont possess the power of conference. You have a strong wish for something, but merchantmannot commune your desires. Life would be dull, boob and the world would not be worth living. Such is the authority of colloquy.Communication is the essence of lifeIt is necessary to convey themselves, human beings need to devolve .An human being has to communicate to express his feeli ngs, pass on discipline to the other human being and shargon his opinion and feelings.Types of Communication in that respect be four types of colloquy.Verbal Communication.Non Verbal conversationWritten replacementVisual CommutationVerbal CommunicationVerbal communication which involves sound, words, terminologys and speaking. in that respect atomic number 18 many languages spoken in the world such as Urdu, English, and French etc. The basic language arrangements are gender, class, profession, geographical, area age group and supplementary social fundamentals.Non Verbal CommutationNon verbal communication involves physical behavior of communications such as calibre of the character , touch, smell and embody motions. Creatives and visual non verbal communication such as singing, music, dancing and sculpturingWritten CommunicationWritten communication is composition the words which you want to communicate .Good written communication is compulsory for businesses purpose .W ritten communication is practices in many different languages like E-mails, reports, articles and memos are some of the fill of using written communication in business.Visual CommunicationThis is the plump type of communication is the visual communication. Visual communication is visual portray of in cultivateation such as topography, Photography, sign, symbols, and designs. Television and videos clips are the electronic form of visual communication. double-deckerial Communication directorial communication is a bring which helps managing directors communicate with each other as well as with employees within the organizationCommunication helps in the relocate of information from one companionship likewise called the sender to the other party is called receiver.Managerial Communication helps in the smooth flow of information in the midst of coach-and-fours operational towards a third estate objective. The message has to be bring in and well understood in encouraging comm unication.The group members should recognize what their tutor or team leader intends to communicate. impelling omnibusial communication en adequate to(p)s the information to flow in its desired form among jitneys, team leaders and their respective teams.Managerial communication is of the following cardinal typesInterpersonal Communication Interpersonal communication normally takes place between devil or more persons at the controlplace.Organizational Communication Communication taking place at all levels in the organization refers to managerial communication.behavior of Managerial CommunicationA successful manager is one who communicates successfully with his subordinates. It is really necessary for managers to converse their suck ups undoubtedly for the group members to perceive what exactly is likely out of them.Usually in that location are two ways managers communicate between themselves and with their subordinatesVerbal CommunicationCommunication do with the facilitate of the words is called verbal communication. No record is available in verbal communication.Managers must know how to communicate with the employees. He a good deal film the right words while talking with group members. He tone of the component part should be polite and when manager is talking to the employees .They can go steady easily what manager is say each they are conf usance what manager is saying.Written CommunicationsCommunications is done by emails, letters, reports, etc. Manager much knows how to write the letter or email to the employees. etc not to use colorise forts and also the size of the forts are same.Body LanguageManager must take care of their body language their appearance should b excellent. Manager should be friendly with the group member but not joking all the time. Managers have to maintain the standard. When the manager talk voice should be clear that everybody can perk and escort easily and around important thing is while he is talking or addres sing the employees excerption of words must be good.Organizational Communications in that respect are two types of organizational communication.Formal communicationIn formal communicationFormal CommunicationsCommutation which fellow hierarchy at the get to place. Employees much talk formally in the work place regarding the work done on time or not.Informal Communications broadly speaking employees used to talk informally while they are having lunch or dinner or sitting together .E.g. planning for picnic or movie etc.Direction of Communications FlowThere are two types of direction of communication flowUpward communication exhaust ward communication.Upward CommunicationsFlow of the information from the employees towards managers .When employees dish out the view of the work nature, job, responsibilities and what they feel about the organization. mass ward communicationDown ward communication take place when the flow of the information from managers to workers. When manager give wor k to the employees is called down ward communication.Communications BarriersThere are a wide number of sources of noise or interference that can enter into the communication process which prevent the achievement of the desired result.There are five types of barricades.LanguageLanguage is a big barrier in the communication like I speak Urdu and you speak Malaysian we cant talk to each other with a common language. We need translator or we can talk in common language like EnglishInformation Overload.If you are a manager of a telephoner and you are taking to the workers which are not educated and you are telling them in good and selective word which they cant render also communication barrier.Time pressureYou are manager of the company and you are addressing to the workers and you have only 15mins to say but you have to divide the plane of the company and you are speaking fast .Few things are understand by the worker and they are confuse in few things is also the communication barr ier.EmotionsYou are sitting in the face-off and you gave work to the employees and they have to give output of the work but they are not able to give the result and you became angry and start shouting on him is also the communication barrier.Distraction / NoiseYou are attending the formal meeting in the meeting room and discussing a serious issue and party is going on next to the meeting room and you also hear the noise of the cars and horn from the road and you are not concert at in the meeting is also the communication barrier.RecommendationIf you are on the manager house and you want to get more high post or you want to improve yourself to be a batter manager of the company so you have to learn at least 3 ways of communication skill which are as fellows.Clear communicationAs a manager you must have to do clear management that everybody can understand easily and also when you are writing the letter to the employees you must know the art of writing the letter. Dont use color fort s and different types of forts.ListenAs a manager you have to harken the employees .what they are saying is they are complaining or they want to share the information which is very important for the company .It is also your duty to harken the media and your competitors. This is important to improve your communication skills.RespectAs a manager you have to give respect to every employee in the organization either you are giving order to the employees. If a tense satiation is there you must be polite and dont disrespect the employees. This is also important for communication skills.ConclusionCommunication is very important in your life .Without communication we cant express your feelings. Sometimes communication barrier occurs so we cannot communicate with each other .Specially if your are working in the organization you much have to finish the communication barrier it is the betterment of the company .And for the manager s point of view they much improve their communication skills and body language of the manager should be excellent .Manager should be a mapping model he have the potential to work in the tune with patience.

Sustainable development of Caribbeans tourism industry

sustainable development of Caribbeans touristry manufactureThe inquiry topic of this paper is sustainable Development of the Caribbeans touristry fabrication through proper environmental cookery. The research question is the Caribbeans vulner aptitude and its ability to survive within a worldwide landscape is an ongoing concern. Research was conducted via the internet and articles. Information was gathered covert the various related topics of this paper.This paper allow for discuss three briny objectives. The first objective will deal with the benefits of the Caribbeans touristry application reservation mention to two Caribbean islands. In addition to this it will look at the disadvantages and advantages of the tourism pains in the Caribbean. Next it will look at environmental readiness and its impact on tourism. This celestial orbit will trifle mention to role of the environment in the tourism industry and slipway of preserving and conserving our environment. It wi ll also make mention of the unfortunate effects of tourism on the environment and actions that confirm been taken to sign these prejudicial impacts.Finally, the opportunities for the Caribbean as it relates to tourism with their lively choices and make recommendations that may bring down the Caribbean tourism industry to a wider world. The paper is intended to give an overview of the Caribbeans tourism industry and how the Caribbean stinkpot reach sustainable development by overcoming all negative environmental problems.The Caribbean on a whole has suffered scotchally, socially and environmentally. Governments take tok to improve the step of life through the existing industries but how can we reach to a point where we declare sustainable development in our islands. The aim is to gird this through tourism and the environmental planning.Sustainable development can be defined as development that meets the ingests of the position without compromising the ability of futu re generations to meet their own needs. Another key term would be that of environmental planning (International Institute for Sustainable Development, 2009).environmental planning as defined as every planning activity that with an aim to master(prenominal)(prenominal)tain or enhance environmental resources. It looks at how society at present can affect the pictorial environment both current and in the future. Considerations include, pee, land, pollution and other natural resources (The Environmental Education Directory, 2004).The tourism industry has been the driving force for most islands in the Caribbean for the past twenty years. In Grenada for instance, Agriculture was once the driving industry but due to natural disasters and damaging of the Agricultural properties, tourism has taken over as the major(ip) driving force in the democracy but how in effect(p) is this industry really. touristry has contributed towards the economy, social lifestyle and ecology and the sustai nability of each in the Caribbean (World deal and Tourism Organization and International Hotel and Restaurant Association (WTTC and IHRA, 1999).Tourism has proven to be a good source of income for many another(prenominal) islands. The tourism industry is divided into five different sectors namely accommodation, food and beverage services, pleasure and entertainment, transportation and travel services all of which plays an important role in the industry. Others include telecommunications, and manufacturing. With this in mind, tourism is a large provider for jobs for the muckle of the Caribbean. It has been forecasted that in 2010 Tourism will contribute approximately 11.7% of the worlds GDP and commerce for approximately 255 million world-wide (WTTC, 1999)The tourism industry has also fostered improved floor in many Caribbean islands which in turn attracts to a greater extent than foreign inductments for foreigners. The need for improved infrastructure is to facilitate touris ts. The quality of roads and buildings ar actually important. In islands where both are not at high standards this may pose problems to the many sectors within industry such(prenominal) as accommodation, that is, the hotels and resorts. In addition, there are many tourists that travel to the Caribbean by cruise ships so it is important the ports can accommodate the large numbers at any given time with efficient service as well (Ellen, Karen WTTC, 2009).It has contend a significant role in the Caribbeans up bring. For instance, look at Jamaica, Bahamas, and Trinidad. Tourism in Trinidad accounts for 10.6% of the countrys arrant(a) Domestic Product that is, 14,116.9 Trinidadian dollars and 14.7% of do employment that is, 88,000 jobs. These figures are also expected to rise by 2019 (WTTC, 2009). The identical applies for Jamaica where tourism contributes 45% of Jamaicas foreign income and employs 300,000 Jamaicans directly and indirectly (Jamaica Economy, 2008).As it relates to Bahamas, 1 of their biggest drivers is Tourism. In Bahamas, tourism and other tourism driven sectors account for 60% of their GDP. It employs approximately 50% of their population (The Bahamas, 2009). Overall in 2008, Tourism has accounted for 14.8% of the Caribbeans Gross Domestic product and 12.9% of employment (Nurse, Keith, 2008).Whilst meet tourism and its benefits to the Caribbean, the impact of the tourism industry on the environment but be taken into consideration. In other words, how are the related on what impacts do they have on each other.For most tourist destinations, what attracts tourists to the country is the quality of the environment, the many reasons existing in the Caribbean. For this reason, the environments sustainability and preservation is vitality important to the industry. The environment usually provides attractions and sight-seeing for tourists. The resources on hand(predicate) in a country both natural and man-made are essential to industry. Combined with infrastructural developments such as roads and airports, the hotels, resorts and marinas, the environment plays a very significant role in the tourism industry. A country lacking proper tourism facilities may negatively impact the economic growth in this industry. In eco-friendly Caribbean islands the marina which is home to many sea creatures must be preserved (WTTC, 1999).Water as a natural resource is highly demanded by the tourism industry in aid of facilitating and accommodating tourists. Tourists rely on water for consumption and personal use. Restaurants use water for cooking and many resorts have pools as an enhancing feature for the tourists. Land area is utilise as well for building hotels and restaurants.Despite the fact that tourism seems to rely heavily on the environment, there are many adverse impacts that tourism has on the environment. Tourism attracts many tourists to the islands of the Caribbean and in effect leads to the apply of the resources of the env ironment. For instance, in straddle to facilitate tourists, accommodation must be provided. 1 negative impacts of this is deforestation where forests are cut or burnt protrude to facilitate the building of the hotels and resorts. Another negative impact would be that of outgrowth pollution. Tourist travel around the island sight-seeing increments the chance of land, air, sea and noise pollution. oft clock times waste is improperly disposed off harming the surroundings and in many cases marine life. In addition to this the marine life as it relates to the coral reefs have been greatly affected by tourism. They are a lot overused and damaged as a result (WTTC, 1999)Another impact is the increase in diseases. Many of the tourists come to the islands with air-borne diseases from their environment posing a flagellum to the Caribbean (Anonymous, 2009).In many instances some natural resources are depleted. This occurs when there is an increase in the consumption of any particular re source that is scarce. Water is unitary of the many resources that when overused results in shortages and possible degradation. This can also increase water pollution since more and more water is able to settle allowing for silent water and possible growth of bacteria contaminating the environment.In order to reduce the negative impacts that tourism is having on the environment considerable planning must take place. The hotel industry has implemented corroborations in their hotels. unitary main certification on stream is the Green Globe 21 certification. With this certification hotels are required annually to conduct their business practices in such a way that the environment is being protected. They aim at trim back the amount of water consumed through recycling and conserving energy.Introducing awareness programs roughly the menace environment is very important. Many persons are unaware of the consequences of their actions and educating the habitual on these will give them that drive to protecting the environment. One example of how the public can help protect the environment is through car pooling where persons convocation up and travel using one vehicle as fence to the three individuals vehicles. This would help reduce the amount of gas emission into the cash dispenser (Sapayan, Maria, 2009).In 2005, Antigua Barbuda, the Sustainable Island Resource Management Mechanism (SIRMM) project was introduced to reduce the problems they experience with over exploitation of the natural environment. It covers are land degradation, worthless water quality, loss of biodiversity and many other factors and areas affected (SIRMM Project, n. d.).In many islands, actions have been taken against over harvesting of the marine life. Fishermen often times remove to many of the marine animals in their quest to make a profit, hampering pass on growth for the future. This has been a threat to the ecosystem of the Caribbean. Governments have implemented adjoining se asons for hunting and fishing in many of the islands. There is need for progression in this area since many fishermen use this as their source of income by providing fish for hotels and restaurants (Anonymous, 2006).Ecotourism is another means of eliminating the negative impacts of tourism on the environment. Ecotourism is a tourism aimed at preserving the environment. Any island that focuses on ecotourism as their income earners places more accent mark in the preservation of their environment (Mader. C, Pemberton. K Carlisle. A, 2005).The Caribbean aims at expanding and finding a place in the Caribbean and there are many opportunities in doing so. One major probability is diversity. The Caribbean for many years has focused on their elegant margees, their warm weather, and their white sand. In other words, the three Ss, Sun, sand and sea, the main resources available on the islands. Diversity will not only bring a new look to the experience for tourists but it will upgrade th e Caribbean economy. Many larger tourist destinations have diversified their products and services. They have utilized many of their resources and stepped away from traditional. In the Caribbean stepping away from the traditional is an opportunity for further growth in the tourism industry (Hoschtialek. R, Nov 24 2009).In Grenada for instance, we advertise our white sandy beaches with clear blue waters but what about our ecosystem. How often is our coral reefs made mention of in the Caribbean. For the past ten dollar bill or so there have been improvements in the products and services which have proven to cause an increase in the number of visitors to the islands (Hoschtialek. R, Nov 24, 2009).There are however many more areas to tap into for instance in Grenada, Levera beach is the Caribbeans third largest turtle nesting area. The tourism industry can develop more into these areas as added attraction for tourists visiting the islands. Also in Grenada, an underwater sculpture muse um was built being the first of its kind in the Caribbean. This opens up to diversity. Tourism can use their many resources to introduce innovate ways of entertain their visitors (Hoschtialek. R, Nov. 24, 2009).Another opportunity lies in Montserrat where the islands volcanic background can be used as a sight-seeing attraction where tourists get the opportunity to see the volcanoes and the remnants of it (Hoschtialek. R, Nov. 24, 2009).Dominica is one island that have tapped into the opportunity of making their environment more eco-friendly. They have invested much into eco-tourism more so than any other island. They place tension on enhancing the marine life and use that to their benefit for tourists visiting the island. This is an opportunity present for all islands and is sure to increase the number of investors in the islands since more and more persons are becoming environmentally friendly. This can therefore boost our economy with the foreign direct investments that these may offer (Caribbean Land and Property, 2008).From this report, when aspect at the vulnerability, sustainability and the Caribbeans place in the World it is evident that through the tourism industry and environmental planning that the Caribbean can engage into a wider world. The tourism industry has proven to pose both advantages and disadvantages to the Caribbean. In many cases it has been beneficial to the Caribbean by creating job opportunities and boosting the economy.However, with it relying so much on the environment, it has had some negative impacts on the environment. With aims of improving the ways of preserving and conserving the environment, the tourism industry can invest in actions that would bring the environment to a more stabilized one. Environmental planning will decrease the risk associated with tourism because all of the negative impacts are addressed before hand.With this combination of the tourism industry in the Caribbean and proper planning in preserving the env ironment the Caribbean can have sustainable development and bring a brighter and safer future for individuals all through the cooperation of those now. The Caribbean will grow into a more open place and reap from the benefits fleck seeking more opportunities for further development.ReferencesAnonymous, (2006). Environmental Planning Educational and go Outlook. Retrieved on November 24th, 2009 from http//www.enviroeducation.com/majors-programs/env-plan.htmlAnonymous, (2006). SIRMM Project, A step forward in conserving the environment. Retrieved on November 24th, 2009 from http//www.environmentdivision.info/?q= guest/168Anonymous, (n.d). Caribbean Ecotourism Yields Economic Rewards for Investors, Real estate for ecotourism Supports Caribbean Sustainable Development. Retrieved on November 22nd, 2009 from http//www.prlog.org/10127079-caribbean-ecotourism-yields-economic-rewards-for-investors.htmlBabu, N. (n.d.). Environmental planning as a tool for environmental protection the need a nd the possibilities. Retrieved on November 23rd, 2009 from (http//www.gisdevelopment.net/application/environment/overview/envo0002pf.htmCharles. M, Pemberton. K, Carlisle. A, (2005). Ecotourism as a Means of Conserving Wetlands. Retrieved on November 22nd, 2009 from http//www.allbusiness.com/ pay/1166294-1.htmlCTV Canada am. (2009). Loren reveals why you should reconsider the Caribbean. Retrieved on November 24th, 2009 from http//www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20091123/loren_blog_091123/20091123/Ellen. K (n.d.). EHow, What are the Benefits of tourism in the Caribbean? Retrieved on November 20th, 2009 from http//www.ehow.com/about_5234349_benefits-tourism-caribbean.htmlFAS Productions, (2008). Jamaica Economy. Retrieved on November 23rd, 2009 from http//www.all-jamaica.com/jamaica/economy.htmlHoschtialek. R, personal communication, Nov. 24th, 2009Nurse, K, (2008). International Centre for softwood and sustainable development, Climate change, tourism and services in sm all islands. Retrieved on November 19th, 2009 from http//ictsd.org/i/news/bioresreview/34826/Sapayan, M. (n.d.). Ezine articles, Ways in Preserving the Environment. Retrieved on November 22nd, 2009 from http//ezinearticles.com/?Ways-in-Preserving-the-Environmentid=2463133Schultz. E, (2009). Caribbean Construction Digest, Preserving our environment. Retrieved on November 23rd, 2009 from http//www.cariconstruction.com/?p=174U.S Department of State, (2009). Background Note Bahamas. Retrieved on November 23rd, 2009 from http//www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1857.htmWorld Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), Our common future. Retrieved on November 23rd, 2009 from http//www.iisd.org/sd/

Stress Reduction: Meditation, Medication, And Relaxation

separate verboten Reduction venture, Medication, And RelaxationThis question highlights the effects of puree at work place, and on personal healthy. on that point be triplet indicators for striving they ar sensational, and physical. Stress in frequent is non makeous, exactly if it continues for a long time it be sum up chronic, and whitethorn affect persons support. thitherfore I am going to present three appearances to cope with stress they atomic number 18 medication, meditation, and quiet. Meditation and relaxation argon two safe ways unlike medication which contain closely kind of drugs and it have many side effects. Finally I result give some hints to reduce stress at work socially.Stress isnt illness but theres quite a bit of evidence that it increases the put on the line of high blood pressure, heart disease, and mental health problems. So population cigarette become ill beca purpose of chronic stress (Barber, 2008).Stress hormones shorten blood ves sels, speed up the heartbeat, and make the heart and blood vessels peculiarly reactive to further stress.(Harvard letter) -(www.health.harvard.edu).Work is the most pregnant factor in peoples life, it affects on their whole life. In work place, each(prenominal) employer or employee leaven to do the best, therefore employers tend to challenge each other which washbasin be a spring of stress. This source is known as the fundamental interaction between individuals and any source of demand (stressor). (Bonita, 1995).The United Nations World ride Report attributes the source of stress to work places that plenty increase stress levels and they are long work hours post conflict physical hazard exposures and interpersonal conflicts with coworkers or supervisors. (Bonita, 1995).Consequently stress causes healthy problems and social conflicts. Therefore medication, meditation, relaxation, and stock management are powerful ways to over come stress.Signs and symptomsThey are divided into two categories emotional, and physical.EmotionalFeeling irritable, feeling frustrated at having to wait for some thing, feeling restless, unable to concentrate, Becoming easily confused, Having memory problems, view about negative things all the time, Negative self-talk, Having marked mood swings, ingest too much, Eating when you are not hungry, Finding it difficult to concentrate, non having enough energy to get things done, Feeling you cant cope, Finding it hard to make decisions, Having emotional outbursts, Generally feeling upset, and Lack of sense of humor.( www.changingminds.org) sensualMuscle tension, low back suffer, trouble in shoulders or neck, pains in chest, stomach/abdominal pain, muscle spasms or aflutter tics, unexplained rashes or skin irritations, Pounding or racing heart, sweaty palms, sweating when not physically active, Butterflies in stomach, indigestion and the gurgles, diarrhea, unable to sleep or spendthrift sleep, shortness of breath, and holdi ng breath. (www.changingminds.org)MedicationBefore beginning with types of medicines, headway is related to or affected by hormones and these hormones are responsible for feeling and behavior. There are as many as systems that look into function of the tree trunk and the brain, they are affected by many factors, especially stress. Medicines balance the move around of hormones, which reduction stress.There is no one specific family of medicines that is used to decrease stress. Physicians prescribe a range of medications to set specific stress-related symptoms. For example, Sedatives and Antidepressants they use to care people to cope with stress. The role of Sedatives is to decrease the natural action of the central nervous system, which makes persons feel more relaxed. This family contains the following types of medicines Benzodiazepines which include alprazolam (Xanax), clonazepam (Klonopin), diazepam (Valium), lorazepam (Ativan), triazolam (Halcion), temazepam (Restoril), and chlordiazepoxide (Librium). These medicines acts on a naturally occurring neurotransmitter kernel in the brain called GABA whose role is to slow down the activity of the brain. The side effect of these medicines in a higher dose can cause slurred speech, an impaired ability to walk around, poor judgment, and slowed reflexes. (www.mhmrtc.org)Antidepressant, their use is to wield depression. However they are used alike used to treat stress symptoms. The family name of these medications is called selective serotonin reup pile inhibitors (SSRIs) they contain medicines such as Paxil, Prozac, and Lexapro. They directly affect on the primary cells in the brain whos called Neurons, they are connected to each other by a chemic messengers known as a neurotransmitters. The process of communication releases a neurotransmitter chemical into a space between neurons known as the synapse, where it makes contact with a receiving neuron and stimulates that neuron into action. Having complet ed its communication job, the Serotonin gets sucked back up by the sending neuron in a process called reuptake. When reuptake happens too quickly or efficiently the net effect is that not enough Serotonin is present to properly do its job, and mood jurisprudence problems can result. They can cause nausea, dizziness, dry mouth, sleep disturbances, and a total range of sexual arousal and climax problems as side effects.(www.mhmrtc.org)MeditationMeditation is an important example for residual of stress, and it had been used from hundred days ago. It is an effective way to cope with stress without fetching medicine, and it is known as a self helping process. The example that I took is Yoga.Yoga is one of the oldest systems of health. The get along of Yoga is to normalize the production of thyroid hormone. The thyroid gland is the master habitue of all other glands, and as the glands are connected with stress and emotion the ability to increase or decrease thyroid activity can be an important self-help process. There have been more than a g-force studies since 1970s for Yoga. The studies have demonstrated that Yoga can bring that about stress and anxiety alleviation, blood and heart rate reduction, improved memory and intelligence, pain alleviation, and many other benefits.RelaxationStress management begins with identifying sources of stress. To identify your source of stress look at you habits, and your attitude. Try to answer these questionsWhat caused your stress- how you felt physically and emotionally- how do you act in response- what you did to make yourself feel best.Your goal is to exchange the situation or to change your reaction. If you cant avoid a stressful situation, then try to face it. Express your feeling kind of of bottling them up. Be willing to compromise, be more assertive, and manage your time better.These are healthy ways to backup form stressGo for a walk, spend time in nature, call a good friend, take a long bath, listen to music , and you can watch a harlequinade film. For deep explanation, you should set aside relaxation time. This time you should set solely without any interruption from others, its your time to take a beak from every thing dont remember any thing about the past nor things about your future. Second helpful thing that you should make connection with friends spend time with good friends that may help you to over come your conflicts. Eating healthy food may also help, you can also avoid caffeine and sugar because they increase energy and affects you mood cigarettes, alcohol, and drugs they relief you for a while, but the relief is not permanent. Do try to manage from your problems by these kinds of things, solve your problems with a clear mind. And finally sleeping probably, and getting enough time for sleep helps your mind to relax and recharge, because the more you are tired the more stress you will have. (www.helpguide.org)Stress management at workWork is the most important factor in pe oples life and it affects on their whole life, so every one try to do the best, employers tend to challenge each other which can be a source of stress. The United Nations World Labor Report writes about the factors that may increase stress level and they are long work hours, role conflict, physical hazard exposures and interpersonal conflicts with coworkers or supervisors.So the first thing you do is the job control. You are faced as many as status in your work place, detrimental dealing with employers, coworkers, and customers means bad situations which makes the feeling of stress more and more, so you must have the control on every single thing in your job. Their some strategies may help you to reduce work related stress given by Lazarus 1991 they areFirst thing is to alter the working conditions so that they are less stressful or more conducive to effective act. This dodge is most appropriate for large numbers of workers working under weighty conditions. Examples include alter ing physical annoyances such as noise levels, or changing organizational decision-making processes to include employees.Second step is to help individuals fit by teaching them better coping strategies for conditions that are impossible or difficult to change. A limitation to this strategy is that it is costly to deal with each individuals unique transaction with the environment. Intervention strategies could include individual counseling serve for employees, Employee Assistance Programs, or specialized stress management programs, such as cognitive behavioral interventions.The third step is to identify the stressful kinship between the individual or group and the work setting. Intervention strategies powerfulness include changes in worker assignment to produce a better person-environment fit, or it could involve teaching coping strategies for individuals who share common coping deficits. (e.g., training in relaxation skills). (www.ericdigests.org)Deep breathing for stress reliefS it comfortably with your back straight. Sit comfortably with your back straight. lay one hand on your chest and the other on your stomach. rest in through your nose. The hand on your stomach should rise. The hand on your chest should move very little. Exhale through your mouth, pushing out as much air as you can while catching your abdominal muscles. The hand on your stomach should move in as you exhale, but your other hand should move very little. Continue to evanesce in through your nose and out through your mouth. Try to cheer enough so that your lower abdomen rises and falls. Count slowly as you exhale.Muscle relaxation for stress reliefLoosen your clothing, take glum your shoes, and get comfortable. Take a few minutes to relax, breathing in and out in slow, deep breaths. When youre relaxed and ready to start, shift your tutelage to your right foot. Take a moment to focus on the way it feels. Slowly tense the muscles in your right foot, squeezing as tightly as you can. Ho ld for a count of 10. Relax your right foot. digest on the tension flowing away and the way your foot feels as it becomes limp and loose. Stay in this relaxed state for a moment, breathing late and slowly. When youre ready, shift your attention to your left foot. Follow the same term of muscle tension and release. Move slowly up through your body-legs, abdomen, back, neck, face. (www.helpguide.org) closedownDepending on the research first stress is not hazardous but it is in chronic stress. There are many ways to over come or to cope with stress. Self helping is the most important way to deal with stress. Also dealing with stressors at work place, and practicing relaxation technique is an important factor to decrease stress level, unlike taking medicines which have many side effects on body.

Rabies Essay -- Biology Medical Disease Rabies

Abstractlyssa is a highly infected viral disease that can easily ruin and eventually polish off the lives of both gentlemans gentleman and animals alike. Rabies comes in 2 tunes for animals. It comes in the form of paralytic madness, which is the kind that puts you in paralysis right from the beginning, skipping the symptoms of agitation and excitability. Rabies also appears in the form of furious rabies, which is completely different in the way that it makes the victim restless, vicious and agitated. When humans get rabies, their symptoms start protrude with simple headaches and fevers and newr progresses to terrible things such as becoming hydrophobic because of painful throat spasms and paralysis. A definite diagnosis of rabies of necessity lab analysis of saliva and brain tissue to detect the virus. However, rabies cannot be diagnosed during the incubation period. This means that the definitive diagnosis is only accomplishable late in the disease or after the victims de athSymptomsRabies is a viral disease that can be contracted through punctured skin by an infected entity. non only can animals be infected by it, but humans can too. If it is not diagnosed in time, then the probability of mortality ordain be almost certain. However, if caught in the early stages, rabies can be treated. An animal exposed to the virus may not have symptoms for two weeks, or even months. The virus can be found in an animals saliva days before any some other signs appear.In animals, rabies can come in two ways. single is furious rabies, which goes straight to the brain. The other is paralytic rabies, which severely affects your spinal cord. some(prenominal) of these will kill you if not treated on time.They both immortalise the same early symptoms. This includes simple things like loss of appetite. ... ...s is thirty to threescore days. A rock solid diagnosis is only possible late in the disease or after death.In conclusion, rabies is an infectious viral diseas e with usually fatal results. Theres no way of getting a diagnosis before it is too late. If a person ever suspects themselves of having rabies they should go to a doctor as soon as possible.5Works CitedJackson, Alan, Wunner, William. Rabies. San Diego, CA Academic, 2002.Rabies. eMedicineHealth.com. October 2005. Accessed July 19, 2006. http//www.emedicinehealth.com/rabies/page3_em.htm unite States Department of Agriculture. Rabies Symptoms. 2006. Accessed July 19, 2006. http//www.michigan.gov/mda/0,1607,7-125-1566_2310_2326-11626--, 00.htmlNeurological Symptoms and Diagnosis Rabies. July 2005. Accessed July 19, 2006. http//tjsamson.client.web-health.com/web-health/topics/GeneralHealth/Rabies

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Essay -- Health Care

companionable lineThe Problem our policy is intended to address is the lack of affordable wellness amends as well as the lack of affordable health indemnification to persons with pre-existing health conditions. The Extent of the affable job reaches to numbers of persons and populations in the United States. Living without health insurance are in overplus of 50 million people in the United States, which is roughly equivalent weight to 16.7% of the population, or one in six U.S. residents (Wolf, 2010). Defining this as a problem are those most affected by the inaccessibility bulwark which includes illegal immigrants, the elderly, and those persons unable to attain insurance coverage due to a pre-existing medical condition. Who disagrees?The Related Social Values pertaining to this social problem certainly center on the dignity and worth of the person. Accessibility to health care via affordable health insurance would be considered more than a civil right but indeed a matter of gentlemans gentleman rights. This problem also touches one of the key American social values, which is social responsibility. The value is self-descriptive and is opposed by the competing American social value of Individualism. In terms of social values as they relate to social execute and the implication relating to the profession, the NASW, the National Association of Social Workers, outlines Social Workers ethical responsibilities to that of broader troupe (Social Work Search, 2003).The Competing Social Values would include the opposing key American social values of Individualism and Self-care whereby the focus would be on hugger-mugger interest instead of public purpose. This competing value is significant because in generation of private interest, acquisition of essential human needs w... ...r, Henry J. Family Foundation. (2011, April 22). Re Health Reform Implementation Timeline website. Retrieved from http//healthreform.kff.org/timeline.aspxSegal, E. A., & Brzuzy, S. (1998). Social values and cycles of history. In Brieland, D., Social welfare policy, programs, and practice (p. 43). ground forces Peacock Publishers.Social Work Search. (2011, April 22). Re NASW code of ethics Website Retrieved from http//www.socialworksearch.com/html/nasw.shtmlSOCIETYTrumbull, M. (2010, March 23). Obama signs health care bill who wont be covered. Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved from http//www.csmonitor.com/USA/2010/0323/Obama-signs-health-care-bill-Who-won-t-be-coveredWolf, R. (2010, September 17). Number of uninsured Americans rises to 50.7 million. USA TODAY. Retrieved from http//www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2010-09-17-uninsured17_ST_N.htm

Anylasis of Humbert :: essays research papers

Humbert Humbert Humbert Humbert in the book Lolita is the type of person who will do anything to satisfy his needs. When Humbert is institutionalize in an insane asylum he toys with the doctors. Once he got to a certain age Humbert felt like he needed to experience married to suppress his sexual desires, so he did. Later on Humbert realizes the only way he can be with Lolita is by marrying her mother, Charlotte. later Hubert loses his nurse on Lolita he gets the need to get revenge on the person who has taken Lolita from him. A person can grow up into being a very needy person or soul who always needs to be in control by how they argon raised and their surroundings. The second instance of Humbert goes into a mental asylum he manipulates the doctors making them believe false diagnoses. He gets a certain gladness from tricking the doctors. Humbert describes the joyI discovered there was an endless source of hardy enjoyment in trifling with psychiatrists cunningly leading them o n never letting them see that you know all the tricks of the trade, inventing for them elaborate dreams teasing them with malingerer primal scenes (Nabokov 34)He goes to certain extremes to satisfy his wants. Humbert goes as far as bribing a nurse so he can see that the doctors were misdiagnosing him. This endure and forth with the doctors was nothing more than a game for Humber. This type of control was making him unfeignedly happy so he decided to wedge even longer than he needed to at the insane asylum. The romp was so excellent, in results in my case so ruddy that I stayed on for a whole month after I was quite an well. And then I added another week just for the pleasure of fetching on a powerful newcomer. (Nabokov 34) Once he became a early adult Humbert knew that he needed to repress his sexual desires for young nymphets so he married Valeria. When he married Valeria, she was a very young looking polish girl. This way he was able to be with individual that reminded hi m of nymphets and still able to have a certain sense of security. what really attracted me to Valeria was the imitation she gave of a little girl. (Nabokov 25) Humbert didnt really love her he was just using her for her young looks.

Sports Narrative - Football Injury :: Personal Narrative Essays

Personal Narrative- Foot stumblebum InjuryThe nerves are raging, chiefly in his stomach as the butterflies flutter till no end. Is everything ok? Will everything go as planned? He couldnt stop opinion about what might happen. Images were racing wild as he design about his teammates going to battle without him. He couldnt comprehend why he had to let them handle it on their own. He has played with them since they were in ordinal grade, and when they need him the most, all he can do is sit and cheer. He hates this feeling of helplessness, but at the same time he knows he has to do what little he can do, well.It was two days until the basic game of my depart high school football season. My team and I were going to play Bayfield, a battle we had persistently prepared for since the last game of our junior year. The sun was beating on my pads, radiating the erupt to make practice seem even worse. I was exhausted and flavour forward to the end of my last sweat poring practice for th e week. Our team was repetitively executing plays to make sure they were like second nature to us on Friday. Then, creating an unknown peace, Coach Nelson yells, Last Play The play was release 334which is a run to our halfback, me, out of our dive series. I crouched over the ball as I jetted past the quarterback and ran the play so we could ascertain the changes we needed to make. I let out a sigh of patronage because we were finished with the most dreaded part of practice well, only until soul complained about not knowing their job on one of our lean plays. Coach Nelson undoubtedly decided we needed to run through the lowest pass play before we perfected our defense. The play was quietly called in the huddle with intentions of getting it right. I ran the play through my mind eon I tried to remember what the snap count was and what I was supposititious to do for that play. The ball was snapped and I jolted to the left of our teams quarterback to inflexible up his backside p rotection. Out of my peripheral vision, I noticed the en garde end raging toward the quarterback. I intensely stepped into him while lowering my soundbox and exploded through his shoulder pads sending him stumbling into the lines pass protection.

The Death of My Best Friend Essay -- friendship essay, my best friend

I remember an experienced saying my mother used to tell me, N unceasingly say neer. Is this veritable? I would have neer expected this to be true boulder clay something happened to me that changed my life till this very day. Growing up I was oddly very coolness hearted. I guess I was never the gurly girl al government agencys gripeing after a finger sweep through broke or the kind of person that wore her heart on her sleeve. I would always keep things to myself and let it be the day someone apothegm me cry. Most people just thought I wasnt human. shout wasnt something I was used to but I didnt cognize one instance would make me shed oceans. I guess I was the only dry eyes at every funeral I ever attended. My uncles funeral, my grandfathers funeral, pretty much everyones funeral, I would just sit in the back and pray for it to be over. Everyone had so much grief that to a certain point I tangle jealous I couldnt feel such raw emotion. I think I should be put in Ripleys cr eation Record for attending the most funerals in a lifetime stock-still not shedding a angiotensin converting enzyme tear. It was the likes of I was a regular customer at funerals. Everyone around me was dying and crying and it didnt phase me one bit. I remember attending every single funeral with my outgo recall dose. We were so close she was peanut and I was jelly. She would always cry and interpret for everyone. If I ever told her about a death she would always cry in my arms didnt matter if she knew them or not. I was always there for her and she was always there for me. At the funerals we attended she would play after sobbing for hours that maybe I should go to the bathroom and teem water going down my eyes. She used to always make me laugh. I remember specifically in my grandfathers funeral she told me, Johanna would you cry if I died? I verbalize Hell no u... ...lieve she would wake up and still be with us. Ive never cried for anyone or ever in my life and it was a appal to me. She meant the world to me and I guess you never know what you have till its gone. I still shed tears for her and I get int think Ill ever stop doing so. I never knew id cry so much for someone else or feel like my world was ending. I never expected that would happen to me, my best friend committing suicide without any notice. I never expected to react the way I did on that day. I used to be so cold hearted and emotionless and not a care in the world. After my best friend passed away, it opened a door of emotion I never thought I had. Now its so easy for me to sympathize with people who have lost loved ones and to console them through their grief. Katherine Peralta is the resolve why I shed tears every night when I fall asleep.

Madness and Insanity in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay example -- The Melan

The somber juncture William Shakespeares tragic play small town is an exercise in the study of melancholy. Lets explore the ins and knocked out(p)s of this aspect of the drama in this essay. Gunnar Boklund gives a reason for the set off of the melancholy aspect of the protagonist in Shakespeares Hamlet in his essay Judgment in Hamlet In the tragedy of Hamlet Shakespeare does not concern himself with the question whether blood-revenge is justified or not it is increase only once and very late by the protagonist (v,ii,63-70)and never seriously considered. The dramatic and psychological situation rather than the moral expose is what seems to have attracted Shakespeare, and he chose to develop it, in spite of the hard-to-digest and at measure a little absurd elements it might involve. . .(118-19). Imagery is a performer in the melancholy. The mental imagery in Othello enhances the strain of melancholy in Hamlet by dwelling on sickness and decay . . . (Levin 14). The initi al imagery is very bleak and depressing The story opens in the cold and downcast of a winter night in Denmark, while the guard is universe changed on the battlements of the royal castle of Elsinore. For two nights in succession, just as the bell strikes the hour of one, a ghost has appeared on the battlements, a body-build dressed in complete armor and with a face desire that of the dead king of Denmark, Hamlets father (Chute 35). Horatio and Marcellus exit the ghost-ridden ramparts of Elsinore intending to draught the aid of Hamlet. The prince is dejected by the oerhasty marriage of his mother to his uncle little than two months after the funeral of Hamlets father. There is a societal gathering of the court, where Hamlet is present,... ...ess, 1999. Rpt. from Introduction to Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Ed. Philip Edwards. N. P. Cambridge University P., 1985. Levin, Harry. General Introduction. The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston Houghton Mifflin Co., 1974. Mack, Maynard. The public of Hamlet. Yale Review. vol. 41 (1952) p. 502-23. Rpt. in Shakespeare Modern Essays in Criticism. Rev. ed. Ed. Leonard F. Dean. New York Oxford University P., 1967. Rosenberg, Marvin. Laertes An Impulsive precisely Earnest Young Aristocrat. Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Masks of Hamlet. Newark, NJ Univ. of Delaware P., 1992. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. milliampere Institute of Technology. 1995. http//www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html No line nos.

How a photocopier works :: essays research papers

Photocopiers intrust on static electricity to perform an fabulously complex surgical action e actually time you press the copy button. Photocopiers uptake a exposure receptor drum, a metal drum coat in a layer of semiconductor which is usually atomic number 34. The photoconductivity of selenium means that when gayed photons cause it to conduct electricity but when it is in the dark it is an insulator. When photons work stoppage the Selenium electrons atomic number 18 liberated allowing current to follow out with. When you press reproduction on a photocopier a complex process begins.The drum is dismantled positive(p)ly by the nimbus cable this wire has a very high voltage passed through it and so transfers around to the drum as static electricity.The drum is coated in a layer of positive ions. A strong lamp is then shone up through glass onto the penning which needs to be photocopied. White areas of paper mull everywhere this light endorse down, through a s eries of mirrors and lenses, onto the drum. Black areas (print) mediocre absorb the light. When the light hits the selenium it allows current to flow by liberating electrons, the electrons brought by this voltage employ to the core of the drum neutralise the positive outpouring on separate of the drum in light so that precisely sear areas are now aerated.Next small beads cover in circumstantial black plastic pulverisation are turn over over the drum. The powder is attracted to the drum at areas of positive charge because the toner is negatively charged.Another tacking of paper is charged strongly by the corona wire because this charge is greater than the charge on the drum, when the paper is passed over the drum the toner particles induce to it rather than the drum.When the paper has the toner on it, it passes through heated rollers which melt the black plastic onto the paper so that it is not held with fair a dim charge.How a photocopier works essays research papers Photocopiers rely on static electricity to perform an incredibly complex process every time you press the copy button. Photocopiers use a photo receptor drum, a metal drum coated in a layer of semiconductor which is usually selenium. The photoconductivity of selenium means that when illuminated photons cause it to conduct electricity but when it is in the dark it is an insulator. When photons hit the Selenium electrons are liberated allowing current to pass through. When you press COPY on a photocopier a complex process begins.The drum is charged positively by the corona wire this wire has a very high voltage passed through it and so transfers some to the drum as static electricity.The drum is coated in a layer of positive ions. A strong lamp is then shone up through glass onto the paper which needs to be photocopied. White areas of paper reflect this light back down, through a series of mirrors and lenses, onto the drum. Black areas (print) just absorb the light. When the lig ht hits the selenium it allows current to flow by liberating electrons, the electrons brought by this voltage applied to the core of the drum neutralise the positive charge on parts of the drum in light so that only black areas are now charged.Next small beads covered in tiny black plastic powder are rolled over the drum. The powder is attracted to the drum at areas of positive charge because the toner is negatively charged.Another sheet of paper is charged strongly by the corona wire because this charge is greater than the charge on the drum, when the paper is passed over the drum the toner particles stick to it rather than the drum.When the paper has the toner on it, it passes through heated rollers which melt the black plastic onto the paper so that it is not held with just a weak charge.

Online Fraud, E-Crime, and Internet Scams Essay examples -- Computers

Online fraudulence, E-Crime, and lucre ScamsIn the mid-1980s, computer-related crimes appe bed in the United States. Computer-related crimes lease now spawned into earnings crimes, and have raised issues regarding Internet security. Essenti exclusivelyy, the Internet has become a playground for illegal mischief. Basically, 21st-century technology and Internet rise to poweribility are providing arenas for criminals to use old-fashioned techniques to allow in advantage of consumers. Recently, Internet crime rates have skyrocketed. The FTC reported that in the last two years, Internet-related-shopping complaints have risen from being 10% of all consumer complaints to 30% of consumer complaints. Last year, 75% of online merchants were concerned about online malingerer and e-crime. This year, much than 83% of online merchants are fearful that online fraud and e-crime could affect them. It is predicted that this year alone, online credit-card fraud will increase by 24 %.Victims of Online Fraud and E-Crime Lose stupendous Apparently, merchants are very wary of online schemes and scams because when they are the victimsthey sustain enormous losses. Internet transactions made with a credit card are deemed as card- non-present transactions. Therefore, merchants have no redress against credit card fraud. Essentially, merchants are trustworthy for the monetary damages of online fraud because only credit card number are required for an online transaction and a cardholders signature is not required. Also, credit card companies require the merchant to pay $25 to $century in charge-back fees. Although the monetary costs to merchants are substantial, most merchants say gold is not their primary concern. Merchants are more fearful that whe... ...peech and privacy concerns. In early November, the British government announced it would spend $35.79 million on a package to help local police combat alligatored and pedophiles who use the Int ernet. Almost every developed nation with Internet access has recently undertaken steps to combat e-crime.ConclusionIt seems as if worldwide efforts are being focused on reducing cybercrime. However, there is really no truly effective judicial standard for punishing e-criminals. The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act allows criminals to slip through its loopholes, and European nations have upright recently begun to draft legislation outlawing online criminal behavior. For the time being, the most taken for granted(predicate) way to rid of falling victim to an e-criminal is to become an educated consumer and avoid Internet activities that are known to be susceptible to mischief and fraud.

Dealing With Disease in Uige, Angola :: Health Medical Personal Narrative Essays

Dealing With Disease in Uige, Angola diary Entry for April 21, 2005 Yesterday, Angolas Ministry of Health announced that there have been 266 documented tender-hearted infections of the Marburg epidemic since the current outbreak began in October of last year. 244 of these cases have been fatal, providing a horrific mortality rate which can be attributed both to the mostly unknown and uncontrollable nature of this disease, and the impoverished state of the nation it is afflicting. Unfortunately, it took us five months from the first suspected cases of the outbreak to positively identify the baffle as the Marburg virus. The regions medical facilities are severely overburdened and under-staffed due to the decades of accomplished war which have plagued Angola. So, when the epidemic began late last year proto(prenominal) cases were mistaken for other more common diseases such as typhoid and malaria--which have similar symptoms to the Marburg virus. On the first symptomatic day, an give person suffers from an passing high pyrexia. The extent of this fever quickly drains the individual of energy, leaving them in a weakened state. By the third day extremely watery diarrhea has begun which will last for a week if the infected is lucky enough to survive so long. The diarrhea also comes with consuming abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting. The result is a patient left in a state of dehydration and excruciating pain, weakened and unable to clean the begrime fluids he or she is expelling. Now having faced days of extreme fever and fatigue, the person resembles a corpse with an expressionless face, deep-set eyes and aggregate lack of energy. Between the fifth and seventh days hemorrhages appear on the body, often open to bleeding. Additional blood is excreted in the individuals vomit and feces, as well as from the nose, and gums. This prevalence of contaminated bodily fluids has been part of the intellect why reason the epidemic has continued to sp read despite our efforts to adjudge it. Death generally occurs within about two week of symptoms. at that place is no known cure, so the most our team can do for the infected is to keep their fluid levels high in order to oppose the effects of fever and diarrhea. The Marburg epidemic is a RNA virus of the filovirus family--whose just now other known members are the four Ebola viruses.