Jeannie Brown and Invasive Group A Streptococcus :: essays research papers

our everyday lives bacteria is constantly surrounding us, some of the bacterium that we charge are beneficial to us but then there are the bingles that are severely detrimental to our health. The way that they effect a persons body target differ from person to person. Many of the microscopic foes are very resilient and have a very fast reproduction rate. Not only do they reproduce quickly they sometimes seem to outsmart our immune system and not allow our bodies to fight the infection making it almost impossible to kick them. One thing that a lot if people rely on is the assistance of prescription drugs to get them better but even the drugs are not being effective and we cant stop the pathogens from invading our personal places such as work, category, school, or anywhere. Even though modern medicine is move on the pathogens could still get the get the best of us. The scary thing is we never know when the next pandemic or epidemic is going to arise. All it ask is some ordinary microbe to swap genes with a deadly germ to produce a super pathogen and it could happen to anyone, anywhere, as it did to Jeannie Brown who is from our neck of the forest.Jeannie Brown was a hard working thirty- two year old woman from Canton North Carolina. She worked two jobs to make ends meet at home for her and her ten year old son. Jeannie was insecure about her recent weight gain and that caused her to get sucked into depression. Not only was she stressed and depressed she also had elevated blood pressure which she was taking medication for. Jeannie needed a break and she decided that she was going to take one and go to Myrtle Beach with one of her friends for a relaxing three day weekend. After they got settled in at the beach Jeannie changed into her bathing suit and it was then when she sight an unfamiliar relish in her neck and behind her left ear. She also said that she felt as if there was a knot in her neck. Jeannie then asked her friend if she noticed anything di fferent. There were no visible signs that would make them come to the conclusion that anything significant was wrong with her. Not overreacting to the situation they came to the conclusion that Jeannie had probably slept funny the night before, so they continued with there day relaxing on the beach.

Investigate the Water Potential of Potato Cells Essay -- GCSE Biology

Investigate the pissing Potential of Potato CellsIntroductionIn my investigation, I hope to determine the wet say-so of potatocells. The plant literal I will use in my investigation will bepotato bits, which I will cut myself prior to the investigation.I hope to palpate the concentration of a solution where the chip staysthe same mass and length, which will tell me that the urine potentialinside the cells is the same as the water potential outside the cells.BackgroundOsmosis is defined as the movement of water through a semi-permeablemembrane. Semi - permeable membranes are permeable to water unlessimpermeable to certain turn substances. In the case of thisexperiment, the sucrose molecules cannot diffuse through the cellmembrane because the sucrose molecules are much bigger than watermolecules.The water potential of a solution is a measure how dilute the solutionis, and therefore of how readily water will diffuse from thissolution, through a semi-permeable membrane, into ano ther solution.Pure distilled water has a water potential of zero the waterpotential becomes more negative as more substances are dissolved init. When two solutions are separated by a semi-permeable membrane,water moves from the side with high water potential to the side withlow water potentialIf we dissolve substances in water we lower the water potential of thesolution-High water potential Some water potential Low Water PotentialChip grows Chip stays the same Chip shrinksKey Variableso Mass of the chip - I think that the larger the mass of the chip then the bigger the difference in results will be, therefore I think that to make experiment more easy it would be best to u... ...ive symmetry to measure the mass, and I could have used a burette orpipette for volumes of liquids. I also could have used a sharper stabto cut the lengths of the chips. All of these things would have mademy experiment more accurate. I also could have done a few moreaverages and repeats, to decrease the allowance of error in myexperiment, making my results more reliable.For further work, I would like to see if in my experiment I couldactually get the result in my experiment where chip does not change atall, by move it in the correct Molarity of sucrose solution. Iwould do this by putting it in different concentrations, ranging from0.1M to 0.4M, and see what happened. I would also like to do theoriginal experiment again, but using the improvements I listed above,and see how much of a difference there was in the results with theimprovements.

An Enquiry Concerning The Principles Of Morals Essay example -- essays

     What is a moral? This is a question that has plagued philosophers for many years. Is it possible to have a set of universal morals? There ar many questions that surround the mystery of morals. They seem to drive our every action. We base our decisions on what is right and what is maltreat. But what is it that actu wholey determines what is right and what is wrong? Is it our sense of reasonableness? Is it our sense of sentiment? This is a question that David Hume spent much of his life pondering. What exactly is it that drives our actions? Yes, morals drive them, but what determines what our morals are? What is it that ultimately drives our actions our feelings or our minds?      Hume would say that it is our sentiment that ultimately drives our actions. According to Hume, reason is incapable of motivating an action. According to Hume, reason can non fuel an action and therefore cannot stir up it. Hume feel that all actions are motiva ted by our sentiment. For example, on page 84 Appendix I, he gives the example of a criminal. "It resides in the mind of the person, who is ungrateful. He must, therefore, feel it, and be conscious of it." Here, it is evident that Hume is saying that unless the person, or criminal in this case, sincerely believes in what he wants to do, he will not be able to motivate the action. In other words, unless the sentiment is there, the action cannot be willed into being. Hence, the sentiment is the driving force behind the action.      Hume does not however say that reason is incapable of determining wether an action is virtuous or vicious (moral or dissipated), but instead he tries to say that the reason for the morality of an action does not dictate the execution or perversion of an act so far as determination of wether the action is executed or not. In simpler terms, reason has its plaza in determining morality, but it is not in the motivation of an action . Motivation must come from the heart, or better yet, from within the person from their beliefs. suit still allows the person to make moral distinctions. Without reason, there would be no morality. Without reason, one moral clause would not be differentiable from another. That is to say that below all morals, there must be some underlying truth because "Truth is disputable n... ...reasons are NOT necessarily the persons sentiments, they do not motivate actions. single other reason why reason does not impel action is because reason is based on truths. Truths are never changing whereas sentiments are high-octane and are in a constant change of flux. At one moment, the criminal could feel sympathy for his victims and decide to spare a life, and the very next, the like criminal could become enraged at the pimple on a hostages forehead and shoot him.      Of course these are extreme cases, but the point is clear. Reason would dictate that only the first act ion would be moral. If reason drove actions, then moral behavior would prevail and there would be no immoral actions and hence there would be no crimes. This shows how sentiments can change as the individuals perception of the universe changes. Obviously, the driving force behind the criminal shooting the victim because of a skin blemish is not one based on reason, but instead it is based on feeling, emotion, sentiment. Although it is an abstract idea and a patently tiny technicality, it is easy to see that indeed reason is not the ultimate motivator but instead sentiment is.

Comparison of the Presentation of Seduction in the Poems To His Coy Mis

Comparison of the Presentation of Seduction in the Poems To His CoyMistress by Andrew Marvell and The Willing Mistress by Aphra Behn Both Marvell and Behn wrote during the rebirth period and had different styles. However, they explored similar themes. In To His Coy Mistress, Marvell uses a cleverly structured argument called syllogism to persuade his lover to seize the day and make love before their making love fades. In the first section, Marvell speculates how he would adore his mistress. He compliments his mistress saying she deserves such praise. He uses hyperbole to illustrate the extent of his love. He uses many a(prenominal) vast geographical and biblical allusions to tell the vastness of his love. The tone in the second section is desolate and threatening. Time is personified to show its inevitable conclusion - ending confronts us all. He uses a blunt reminder that times winged chariot is hurrying near. Threatening images of graves and decay emph asise his point. The imagery becomes morbid and disturbing as he reminds his lover, manipulatively, that death will inevitably destroy her virginity. In the third section of the poem, Marvell draws his triumphant conclusion. His lover is young and beautiful and they desire one another. He focuses on the urgency of seduction. In contrast, Aphra Behn is revolutionary and our expectations are challenged as she frames her willingness to receivevher lovers attention in a female persona. She presents seduction from a womans point of view. She was one of the first women to write about a womans sexual feelings in pre-1900 poems. Aphra Behns humorous poem follows a narrative structure in which ... ... them to consummate their love and savour her fleeting youth. The metaphorical explanation iron gates of life tells us that life is hard and full of though restrictions that ought to be and can be broken by them. Iron gates of life describes boundaries as barbaric. The way in which he wishes to break such a strong boundary with just their love for each other represents his confidence at the success of his words. I prefer To His Coy Mistress to The Willing Mistress because it had hidden depths and meanings. I liked the way in which the poetic techniques were used to produce such a powerful effect. I overly like the way in which the tone changes so often to portray his point. I did like The Willing Mistress because it is playful and humorous but it is only a simple story and not a cryptic piece of poetry.

Anne Brontes Agnes Grey and the Critics Essay -- Bronte Agnes Grey Es

Anne Brontes Agnes white-haired and the Critics Little is known about the composition of Anne Brontes book Agnes Grey. Many critics swear that the original draft of Agnes Grey was titled, Passages in the Life of an Individual and was written July of 1845. The first edition of the novel was published in 1847 in combination with Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights. by dint of out her life, Anne had written many poems and finished two complete novels. Both of her novels, Agnes Grey and The Tenant of Wildfell Hall were published. Annes sister Charlotte Bronte was an important force in the reasons savet Agnes Greys publication. The three Bronte sisters were preparing to have their first book of poems published which was titled, Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell. During the period that the poems were published, Charlotte made attempts to have three novel published. She wrote to the publishers informing them that Currer, Ellis, and Acton had just finished The Professor, Wuthering Heights, and Agnes Grey. A gentleman by the name of Thomas Newby accepted only Wuthering Heights and Agnes Grey. Newby promised Charlotte that he would have 350 copies of the novels published but he continued to procrastinate and not come through on his word. Due to growing frustrations, Charlotte wrote to W.S. Williams of Smith, Elder and complained of the constant delays caused by Mr. Newby. In 1847, 250 copies were finally published. The novel consisted of three volumes, Wuthering Heights occupied volumes atomic number 53 and two, while Agnes Grey occupied volume three. The first edition of publication among these 250 copies contained many errors. Grammatical errors were seen more in Agnes Grey than in Wuthering Heights. It is with these er... ...of the great authors of her time, but the Brontes sisters are known around the world for a wonderful compilation of literature that has remained popular and an important part of literary history. Work Cited Ingl esfield, Robert. Introduction to Agnes Grey (1988). Pp. XI. Douglas Ferrolds Weekly Newspaper January 15 1848. Atlas January 22, 1848. Both critics unknown Moore, George. Conversations in Ebury Street. (1924) nineteenthCentury Literature Criticism, Volume 4 pp.42-43.<op></op> Nineteenth -Century Literature Criticism Vol. 4 pp 37-57 Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism Volume 4 pp 40 GrahamsMagazine (1850) Vol. XXXVI, No 2, page 167. (Author unknown). Sinclair, Mary . Introduction to the Tenant of Wildfell Hall. (1914) Pp. v-viii. <op></op>

Anne Brontes Agnes Grey and the Critics Essay -- Bronte Agnes Grey Es

Anne Brontes Agnes Grey and the Critics Little is known about the composition of Anne Brontes ledger Agnes Grey. Many critics believe that the original draft of Agnes Grey was titled, Passages in the Life of an Individual and was written July of 1845. The first edition of the novel was published in 1847 in combination with Emily Brontes Wuthering high school. Through out her life, Anne had written many poems and finished two complete novels. Both of her novels, Agnes Grey and The populate of Wildfell Hall were published. Annes sister Charlotte Bronte was an important pressure in the reasons behind Agnes Greys publication. The three Bronte sisters were preparing to have their first book of poems published which was titled, Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell. During the period that the poems were published, Charlotte made attempts to have three novel published. She wrote to the publishers informing them that Currer, Ellis, and Acton had unsloped finished The Prof essor, Wuthering Heights, and Agnes Grey. A gentleman by the name of Thomas Newby accepted only Wuthering Heights and Agnes Grey. Newby promised Charlotte that he would have 350 copies of the novels published but he go on to procrastinate and not come through on his word. Due to growing frustrations, Charlotte wrote to W.S. Williams of Smith, Elder and complained of the constant delays caused by Mr. Newby. In 1847, 250 copies were finally published. The novel consisted of three volumes, Wuthering Heights occupied volumes one and two, while Agnes Grey occupied volume three. The first edition of publication among these 250 copies contained many errors. Grammatical errors were seen more in Agnes Grey than in Wuthering Heights. It is with these er... ...of the great authors of her time, but the Brontes sisters are known around the world for a wonderful compilation of literature that has remained popular and an important part of literary history. overwork Cited Inglesfie ld, Robert. Introduction to Agnes Grey (1988). Pp. XI. Douglas Ferrolds Weekly Newspaper January 15 1848. Atlas January 22, 1848. Both critics unknown Moore, George. Conversations in Ebury Street. (1924) NineteenthCentury Literature Criticism, Volume 4 pp.42-43.<op></op> Nineteenth -Century Literature Criticism Vol. 4 pp 37-57 Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism Volume 4 pp 40 GrahamsMagazine (1850) Vol. XXXVI, No 2, page 167. (Author unknown). Sinclair, Mary . Introduction to the Tenant of Wildfell Hall. (1914) Pp. v-viii. <op></op>

Cross Cultural Contact with Americans

Intercultural CommunicationRini Anggun Pertiwi 2 chsEducation A 0902443 Chapter Report Chapter 1 cross-cultural Contact with Americans American, as it is explained in the beginning of chapter 1, is described as the people who were born, brocaded and lives in the United State. We allow for find that Americans are consists of many people from different races, religions and ethnics. A lot of culture, might be, live together in the same(p) area. Before, they called it as melt down pot where so many different culture are blending, mixing each other without decompress the culture it self.However, the term melting pot is no longer use by the American because, in fact, the culture is not blending or mixing to each other. They are contribute side by side and keep their own color like mosaic. With this kind of variety, it is hard to explain who Americans are. Some different culture value situation about American often occur when someone from the outside of American society exaggerate to mu ch even though they lack of information or contact with the member of American society.This kind of stereotype, for some reason, gives a yin-yang effect when someone divides the society into we and they. They will compare about what we have with something that they have. Sometimes, they becomes a ostracize side of the comparison because the we see them has too much differences. With such culture variation, United States is seen as a vast country. However, America still has mainstream value that will generalize American to make them exposed the same society value, it is called as Americanization.Furthermore, American has their own way to describe the value of their culture. For example, firstly, the attitude towards privacy which sometimes miss interpreted by foreigners or non American. As its explained in the book, for Americans privacy doesnt mean isolation or loneliness. They considered it as the way of look upon to the individual needs. Secondly, American likes to minimize stat us differences in their society. Without allaying the power status they make themselves equal with other. Thirdly, American focuses on progress and change.This future orientation behavior makes them want to fulfill their future needs, their value of responsibility to the life change are essentials. As this book already figure out, cross-cultural communication with American who has various ethnic groups and culture from different ancestor will shows the differences between cultural behavior and individual behavior of them. Reference Levine, D. R. , & Adelman, M. B. (1993). Beyond Language Cross-Cultural Communication. New Jersey Prentice-Hall Regents.

Excellence Is Not an Accomplishment

Topic No. 1 Excellence is not an accomplishment. It is a spirit, a ceaseless process. A very famous line by Lawrence M. Miller. In order to develop excellence as a leader we must be willing to acknowledge that developing it is not an accomplishment its a never-ending process. Its a process full of many awesome moments and many lonely days. Its fun and exciting one day and thence the next day we esteem why we ever wanted to lead in the start place. Many of us secretly fantasize about being a greeter at Walmart or on any other platform .Being a leader isnt easy it requires commitment for the long haul. Its not something we can just accomplish and then move on. Being a leader requires hard work, sacrifice, commitment and a willingness to grow ourselves. The leaders I admire most are the ones who give altruistically of themselves and make personal development a priority. I can not give of myself as I leader if I do not first take care of myself. Great leaders balance personal develop ment and organizational development.Both are important and one without the other does not work. As I have observed great leaders, I find they all have some things in common. Be a yardstick of quality. Some people arent employ to an environment where excellence is expected. Steve Jobs Excellence is an art won by training and habituation. We do not act rightly because we have virtue or excellence, solely we rather have those because we have acted rightly. We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act but a habit. Aristotle

How Is Othello Viewed By Others And How Does He View Himself Essay

The Shakespe atomic number 18an tragedy Othello is a story of immensely contrasting opinions where jealously rules rife over the flawed, scarcely heroic leading type. With racism even off alive today, the occurrence that this character was of dark skin raised even much controversy around the Shakespearian era.The audience that would let first viewed this butterfly would have had preconceptions virtually the genius and the role that Othello would ensue. Due to the stereotypical and racist viewpoints that people held at this time, black was in any case a colour associated with evil or de jumpity, therefore the character of the black Othello was expected to be violent, jealous, treacherous and most likely associated with witchcraft. Shockingly, specially for the people of the Shakespearian era, Othello does non relate to this stereotype and is in fact quite the opposite at the start of the play- the calm and strongly composed character. approximately of these stereotypical black traits however are indeed observen in the play, but mootly from another character, the fresh Iago, who incidentally plays the role of the evil manipulator.Othellos character is portrayed to the reader in his composed first words- Tis better as it is. The line being scarce a half-line proves his characters firm but comfortable personality, needing besides to say the controlled necessary in each situation. As his personality seems to be so strong and wise, it is unusual that Iago deems Othello as an easy target to manipulate- will tenderly be lead by the nose as asses are.Iagos obvious hatred for Othello is overly emphasised finishedout the play by his slackness and lack of respect towards the character. He constantly deems racist comments about Othello to others, but never to Othello him ego, naming him- Barbary horse to Desdemonas father and stating that he does hate the tie down to Roderigo. Even when referring to the obviously loving relationship that engulfs both O thello and Desdemona, Iago shows ignorant and disrespectful mannerisms, reducing their physical crawl in to animal level- old black ram is tupping your white ewe and showing that he obviously does not agree with this martial pairing.Iagos authentic character is hinted at early on in the tragedy, where in whizz of his longitudinal speeches he finishes- I am not what I am. This points the reader towards Iagos true colours, which are rarely put openly on show. His willingness to manipulate and take advantage of other characters (such as Roderigo) in order to force Othello into the deepest amount of torment proves just how much of a cunning and redoubted actor Iago can be. The stage managing techniques he uses throughout the play portray just how determined Iago is to truly ruin Othellos life and the lengths that he is ready to reach in order to gain revenge upon Othello for not awarding him the idealised promotion.It is therefore often difficult to decipher Iagos true feelings and attitudes towards Othello as he constantly adjusts his viewpoint to suit that of his company, for example when in the company of characters such as Othello, Desdemona and Cassio, Iago speaks of Othello positively and even at one point presents a contrasting emotion- My lord, you k forthwith I deal you. However, when characters such as Roderigo and Brabantio are in attendance, he over again insults Othello naming his supposed arrogance- loving his own ostentation and purposes. Al curtilagegh it is apparent that he has strong hatred towards the character, the reasons behind this hatred are never in all discovered. The reader is left to decipher whether the feeling is down to indocile racism or dark jealousy, or even a mixture of both.Even when Iagos shrewd plan is foiled towards the conclusion of the play, his attitudes towards Othello fluent inhabit constant. He shows no feeling of remorse and depicts himself as a party holding little guilt- I told him what I thought and told no more than what he found himself was apt and true Although this statement if looked at individually is actually truthful (Iago never once stated that Desdemona and Cassio were in fact indefinitely committing adultery), the fact that Iago orchestrated the imaginary relationship between Desdemona and Cassio and that he introduced doubt into Othellos mind in the knowledge that ambiguity could potentially ruin him, shows that he still aims to manipulate even as the play draws to closure.Iagos racist views however, are also shared by other characters in the play, the main two named Roderigo and Brabantio. Although both these characters have more personal motives to justify their disapproval of Othello, Iagos manipulative skills again come into force to emphasise their negative emotions.Until the last-place moments sooner his terminal Roderigo is completely under the influence of Iago and tends to follow his views even if they do not completely match his own. He racially screams Ot hello in the company of Iago, naming him- the thick-skulled lips and lascivious Moor. These racial prejudices show that he also does not accept the way of which Desdemona and Othello have an indisputable bond, but his apparent hatred goes deeper than this disapproval. As Roderigo is intensely besotted with Desdemona he also seems to be jealous of her love for Othello and believes that the character is not good enough for her, stating that she -hath made a gross fight off. For these reasons Roderigo falls prey to the manipulative Iago, becoming a pawn in his ever growing plot.Unlike Roderigo, Brabantio holds strong racist views about Othello without the influential piece of Iago, showing a genuine condemnation of the relationship between his daughter and -the Moor. This view would have been commonplace in Shakespearian time, as even today principles of racial equality and sexual freedom are unfortunately still far from being completely accepted. He shows legitimate discomfort when referring to the relationship, challenge how Othello could have possibly gained his daughters hand without using some sort of treachery- Is there not charms by which the property of youth and maidhood may be do by?Brabantio also finds it understandably challenging to accept that Othellos intentions of which involve his daughter are good -Abused her delicate youth with drugs or minerals. These views would have again been shared by the Shakespearian audience, who associated people of dark skin with witchcraft and trickery. Brabantio may have respected Othello as a military general, as a close acquaintance, and perhaps even as a friend, but it is clear that he never considered Othello good enough to be a husband for his daughter.Characters that form negative or racist views towards Othello do rarely mention these ideas directly to his face, maybe because of his strength as a character, or possibly because of his incessant report card of being composed and carefully resilient with his language. Each character that states negative views towards the general however is proved at the end of the play to be completely incorrect, and in most cases foolish.Not all characters view Othello in such bad light conversely, most respect him as a brave and honourable general, showing him capital loyalty and love- the Duke being one of these. He obviously sees Othello as a brilliant general and valuable friend- Valiant Othello we must satisfying employ you against the general enemy Ottoman. Even when Brabantio, a close friend of the Duke, shows obvious racial disagreements towards Othello, the Duke stands up for the generals cause, stating to Brabantio that his -son-in-law is far more fair than black. This proves that the Duke does accept Othellos ethnic background and believes that Othello does not hold the usual traits of the stereotypical Moor.Desdemona is unsurprisingly the character that can distinguish Othello as doing no wrong. Even after malicious attacks and verba l abuse from the general, Desdemona does not speak out against her love.Desdemona is infatuated with Othello and this becomes apparent from her precise first speech of the play where she states that if she is forced to choose whether to be obedient to her father or to Othello, she must choose Othello- So much I challenge that I may squeal overdue to the Moor my lord. She continues with this loyalty throughout the play and clearly sees Othello as an accomplished husband- to his honours and his valiant parts did I my soul and fortunes consecrate.Desdemona ostensibly notes that Othello takes his career very seriously and portrays her understanding of this when propositioned by Cassio in order to regain his position of lieutenant- He shall in strangeness stand no further off than in a politic distance. She respects this and endeavours to cause no harm to his reputation and ability.Further on into the play -where jealousy has completely engulfed Othello- Desdemona defends him when qu estioned by genus genus Emilia about whether Othello is in fact covetous, stating that Othello is incapable of feeling such as jealously- she sees him as almost god-like I think the sun where he was natural drew all such humours from him. In even the darkest times when Othello acts so awfully and deeply unjustifiably, Desdemonas love for him still rules strongly over her heart- My love doth so approve him that even his stubbornness, his checks, his frowns-prithee unpin me- have grace and favour in them.On her death bed, moments forwards she is to depart from the world at the turn over of her loved one, Desdemona is still ineffective to speak out against him. She sees through his vicious acts and it is clear to her that the man she married is no longer the corrupted man that stands before her. With her last words to Emilia she states that she doesnt hold Othello responsible for her death, and even at this perilous moment, names her husband well- Nobody I myself. Farewell. Commen d me to my change lord. She always manages to see Othello positively.Emilia herself, closely linked with Desdemona and often mistreated by her husband Iago, quickly alters her opinion of Othello as the play progresses. Her attitudes towards men are already bitter and derive mainly from the way that Iago has treated her throughout their marriage. She seems to be a feminist and is able to stick up for women- but only in the absence of a male presence. For Emilia the way in which Othello treats Desdemona only emphasises this feeling- they eat us hungerly, and when they are full, they belch us. Unfortunately it is evident that Emilia has not always thought of Othello in this negative manner.She awards him the benefit of the doubt as she recognises that his behaviour is becoming erratic and almost stumbles upon Iagos secret- Remove your thought. It doth abuse your bosom. If any wretch have put this in your head, let heaven requite it with the serpents curse Othellos final behaviour allo ws Emilia to justify her racist statements- O, more the angel she, and you the blacker devil Othello at his most degrading point in the play reverts to the stereotype that he originally seemed so far from, even though it is apparent to the reader that his reactions are in fact more like Iagos. Emilias final realisation forces her to make yet another racist comment and name Othello as gullible- Oh thou dull moor.Brabantios relative, Lodovico, is the character that shows an obvious change in attitudes towards Othello, in a strikingly short space of time. He undoubtedly thinks well of Othello before his visit to Venice as he greets the general respectfully- God save you, notable general and clearly accepts his ethnicity. For this reason, Lodovico is clearly shocked when Othello raises his hand to Desdemona and strikes her across the face, and states this surprise and utter disbelief at what he has just witnessed from what was once a braw general- My lord, this would not be believed i n Venice, though I should swear I sawt.This statement gives us a glimpse of how Othello is viewed by others universally. He is seen as a noble character, lacking in the extreme emotions now observed by Lodovico. Brabantios relative begins to question Othellos mental disposition- Are his wits safe? Is he not light of brain? and his attitudes have clearly now reversed as he now holds reservations about the stability of Othellos character, whereas before he was sure that the general was of such a great confidence- Is this the noble Moor that whom our full senate call all-in-all sufficient?Lodovico departs from the scene with a controversial and, obvious to the reader, ironic line- I am sorry that I am deceived in him. This line shows that Lodovico has lost faith in Othellos character, and feels almost cheated by what he has seen. It seems unfortunate that he feels as he does towards Othello, when truly as he even speaks the line, Iago is the authentic deceptive culprit.Cassio, the obje ct of hatred in Othellos eyes, does not really say much about his attitudes towards Othello, but what he does say and what is said about his attitudes by others show what he truly feels towards the general. He obviously shows much loyalty towards Othello, he is his lieutenant and until jealousy sets in, a trusted friend.This is made apparent when Desdemona attempts to change her husband jealous views about the below the belt treated Cassio -and so many a time when I have spoke of you dispraisingly hath tane your part (Desdemona about Cassio). Even after he has been the subject of perplexing and malicious actions by the changed Othello, he still speaks of him well- For he was great of heart. This noblelights one of Othellos tragic flaws. He is unable to make a good think of character, and seems to be enormously gullible, believing the sly Iago over the honest, but sometimes vain, Michael Cassio. Cassio obviously thinks well of the troubled Othello.The views of the characters are extremely varied when involving Othello, and these views are chatoyant throughout the entirety of the play. However none are as interesting and somewhat confusing as how Othello in fact sees himself. His character goes through 3 notable stages which seem to show great contrast and diversity with each other.At the beginning of the tragedy Othello is obviously a proud individual, and openly speaks about his noble background- I fetch my life and being from men of royal siege. He is of distant relation to royalty, and for this reason carries himself with a certain sublime and noble manner. He has a shockingly high opinion of himself and this can sometimes be perceived as an arrogant trait- my parts, my title, and my perfect soul shall apparent(a) me rightly. He is dazzlingly confident in almost all aspects of his life and especially when it comes to his military service- For since these arms of mine had seven years pith they have used their dearest action in the tented field.He prov es to be a powerful presence in areas where others would crumble and is passionate about his love for Desdemona, so much so that he is resilient enough to offer everything in order to sustain their love- let your sentence even fall upon my life. This shows great strength in character and Othello obviously sees himself as a force to be considered with. At this stage in the play, Othello views himself as never having been a happier due to his love for Desdemona- If it were now to die, twere now to be most happy and makes a series of prophetically ironic statements, almost unknowingly hinting to the readers of what is to come- But I do love thee and when I love thee not, chaos is come again.The strength in character that we see from Othello throughout the beginning of the play is last seen in a conversation between him and Iago, concerning the infidelity of Desdemona. In his speech, we see Othello at his final point of rational sanity, which unfortunately due to Iagos manipulative skil ls, he is unable to keep up throughout the entirety of the playNo, Iago, Ill see her before I doubt when I doubt, proveAnd on the proof, there is no more but thisAway all at once with love or jealousyAfter this point in the play, Othellos view of himself behind deteriorates. He begins to lose his self-confidence and control as doubt gradually overwhelms his mind. As the jealously sets into his mind, he begins to search for reasons as to why his wife could do such a thing and comes up with two points his age and his colour- Haply for I am black, I am declined into the vale of years.Whereas before he would have stood by Desdemona and perhaps asked for the proof from Iago against his wifes infidelity, his troubled character now begs Iago to prove the exact opposite- be sure thou prove my love a whore. His mistrust in Desdemona proves that he is ultimately a poor judge of character, and instead holds his certainty in aboveboard Iago. This reliance on Iago to help him judge Desdemonas true situation in fact becomes his down fall. His self-confidence has travelled from such a high to a low that he sees himself as no longer able to make conscious decisions alone.Othellos character almost completely morphs into that of Iago, both using extremely similar language and animal imagery at the time of Othellos extreme jealousy- Goats and monkeys, Or keep it as a cistern for muddy toads to knot and gender in This illustrates just how reliant on Iago Othello has become. He asks his opinion at almost every opportunity -How shall I murder him, Iago? This is a complete contrast from how the character was before his mind became jealous as he was before so sure of his each and every decision, so very self-assured. He now sees himself unfit to lead his life without constant supervision from his companion Iago.After being instructed, word-by-word, on how to unjustly murder his beloved Desdemona, Othello commits the spartan deed. Through this scene it is clearly illustrated that Othello has completely lost him mind, and in the words of Iago -He is much changed. He constantly contradicts himself, showing that he is no longer sure of what he is doing and sees only one way to regain his controlled mind- A murder, which I thought a sacrifice. After killing his wife, Othello shows no remorse as he feels that he, himself, has rid the world of an unfaithful being- Shes like a liar gone to burning hell Twas I that killed her. In this way he seems almost proud of his act, but yet still in pieces from losing not only his mind, but in addition, his love.The final stage in Othellos personality transformation sees him return almost to his former self- a controlled man, but this time with a huge sense of guilt and despair laid upon his heart. He now sees himself as a monster, and begs for punishment Whip me Roast me in sulphur In a desperate effort to regain control in the situation, we see Othello commit an act that would fit with his former character, he stabs himself. This shows that Othello now thinks so badly of himself that he claims happiness will be found in death- For in my sense tis happiness to die. We see Othello in his final speech attempt to reclaim any respect and decency from his characters, and asks them to remember him as one that loved not wisely, but too well and a man that was -not easily jealous but, being wrought, perplexed in the extreme. This shows that Othello has regained control over the final moments of his life and hopes to be remembered not for the tragic deeds he has committed but for his decencies and military service. He views himself as an unfairly mislead man, that inevitably tough his own fate.In conclusion, Othello as a character is not only a controversial, but also travels on such a journey through personalities that he is able to change the opinions of those who once looked up to him. The troubled, aggressive and broken Othello we see at the end of play is a shadow of his former self and proves just how each and every person has strengths and weaknesses that can be carefully manipulated. The real Othello that we see at the beginning of the play is one that can never be regained once jealousy has set in, and this is clearly shown by the tragic ending to the play. Othello tragically saw himself as a strong character, but was lastly shown to be a gullible fool at the hands of the evil manipulative Iago.

Persuasive Effects On Children Education Essay

The issue that I discovered through research was the controversial turning issue with how selling to kids is a cause of the kid thug fleshiness epidemic. Deceptive advertizement influences is one of the causes for kids s hapless nutrient picks. Ads atomic number 50 be lead oning. Harmonizing to Stepanie Clifford, Susan Linn manager of run for a Commercial cease puerility said, They the advertizements atomic number 18 powerful and improbably insidious ( para.22 ) . On the other manus, advertizement bureaus be merely making their occupation. Harmonizing to Mrs. Clifford, the manager for selling communications at Duncan Enterprises, Aluso Dias said, We do nt desire to lead on anyone ( para.3 ) . Because, selling to kids is one of the causes for child fleshiness the advertizement bureaus should promote healthier nutrients, alternatively, they are coming up with refreshful methods of act uponing kids s nutrient picks.There are three chief groups that are involved or instille d in this argument, which are the advertisement bureaus, the kids, and rase the parents of the kids. Harmonizing to the writer Jason Cartere, who wrote the book, Food Marketing and childishness, It has been estimated that, because of kids s impact on buying behaviour, the nutrient industry spent $ 10 to $ 12 billion in 2002 to coiffe them ( 12 ) . Ad companies engage in promotional disbursement to attraction the attending of their clients, including kids, to particular(prenominal) merchandises in the food market place shop. Children and adolescents are an of import market section. Harmonizing to Mr. Cartere, They non merely have important disbursement power of their ain, but they besides influence the purchases of their parents and are the adults consumers of the hereafter ( 12 ) . So it seems to me that the parents, kids and the advertisement bureaus are all involved in this contention in the just about manner of another.First, the advertizement bureaus and how they are involved by the take to derive money. Selling bureaus targeted at kids has invested a billion dollar industry that is passing effectual. Harmonizing to Dr. Kunkel, More than 100 surveies demonstrate that nutrient selling is mostly successful at act uponing kids, which is tho surprise result, given the one million millions of dollars the industry invests in such effects ( 2 ) .Much of that buying influence relates to nutrient. Mr. Cartere states, Harmonizing to one estimation, one-year gross revenues of nutrient to kids exceeded $ 27 billion in 2002 ( 12 ) . These bureaus benefit from nutrient advertised at kids. They influence kids s pick of nutrients. Dr. Kunkel indicated, In sum uping the overall grounds, the IOM concluded there is strong grounds that advertisement influences the short-run nutrient ingestion of kids aged 2-11, and the regular diet of 2-5 year- old ( 2 ) . Therefore, the advertisement bureaus do derive some money by act uponing kids to devour their nutrie nt merchandises promoted.The 2nd group that is involved is the kids. Young kids are major consumers of the merchandises industries. This tendency prompted concerns about the effects of the advertizements on kids s wellness. Harmonizing to the book, Preventing Childhood Obesity, The measure and nature of advertizements to which kids are exposed to daily, reinforced through multiple media channels, appear to lend to nutrient, drink, and sedentary chase picks that can adversely impact energy balance ( 172 ) . Children are involved, because their wellness is affected by these un heavy nutrient advertizements. Harmonizing the book, Preventing Childhood fleshiness, Dietary and other picks influenced by exposure to these advertizements whitethorn probably lend to energy instability and weight addition, ensuing in fleshiness ( 173 ) . It does look the advertizement bureaus do ca-ca an impact on kids s merchandise trade name and first pick, and consequence on ingestion behaviour. Dr. K unkel had stated, The decision that kids s exposure to unhealthy nutrient advertisement contributes to their weight somebodyate is now widely known ( p.2 ) . It is apparent that publicizing achieves its intended end, which is to act upon kids s merchandise picks even when they re non healthy.The 3rd group that is involved by this contention is the kids s parents. From a practical point of take, parents track down a cardinal function as family policy shapers. By advancing certain determine and attitudes, by honoring or reenforcing specific behaviours, and by functioning as function theoretical accounts parents have a profound influence on their kids. Harmonizing to the writers of Preventing Childhood Obesity, They make day-to-day, determination on recreational chances, nutrient handiness at place, and kids s allowances they determine the scene for nutrient eaten in the place and they implement unbounded other regulations and policies that influence the extent to which assor ted members of the household engage in healthful feeding and physical employment ( 289 ) .Children s wellness contract to be raised by a place environment with engaged and adept parenting, that theoretical accounts values, encourages reasonable eating wonts, and physically an active life style. Harmonizing to Preventing Childhood Obesity, Finally, a 10-year longitudinal survey conducted in Denmark has identified parental disregard as a powerful forecaster of the subsequent development of fleshiness ( 287 ) . Parents engagement can lend to active behaviours in kids. Harmonizing to Preventing Childhood Obesity, Although intervention of childhood fleshiness is beyond the range of this study, intervention surveies have demonstrated that intensive engagement of parents in intercessions to alter corpulent kids s dietary and physical activity behaviours has contributed to success in weight loss and long-run weight care ( 287 ) . As kids develop, parents play an spread outing functi on in finding the nutrients that are available to them.Peoples have assorted demands, including the physiological demands, like nutrient. Ads industries that promote an unhealthy diet do hold an consequence on kids s physiological demand for nutrient. Mr.Cartere said, Ad bureaus spend important sums of packaging designed to magical spell to kids ( 13 ) . Emotional entreaty, proficiency used to appeal to the emotions and values viewing audiences care profoundly approximately. Harmonizing to the book, Preventing Childhood Obesity, Sellers use a assortment of techniques, manners, and channels to make kids and young person, including gross revenues publicities, far-famed person or sketch character indorsements, merchandise arrangements, and the co-marketing of trade names ( 173 ) . Children who see these sort of advertizement are evoked through their physiological demand for nutrient, which interns, is likely to be sub missioned by fleshiness. Dr. Kunkel besides stated, Children who see more nutrient advertisement have a significantly higher hazard of manageable to fleshiness ( 2 ) . Ads do frequently appeal straight or indirectly to one or more assorted demands, though these are merchandises that are nit mickle if a healthy diet.Using broad scope of attacks, publicizing companies, market their hapless nutritional nutrient merchandises to kids. Children view the merchandises that are non a portion of a healthy diet, which interns, are seduced to believe they can eat the sugary merchandises and non believe about the effects. Harmonizing to the Encyclopedia of Obesity, One survey found that among kids every sharpness immature as three, the sum of hebdomadal telecasting was significantly related to their thermal consumption every bit good as petitions and parental purchases of specific nutrients they saw advertised on telecasting ( 8 ) . Well, most of the telecasting advertizements directed at kids promote nutrient, such as confect and sweetened eat ce reals. Dr. Kunkel provinces, The huge bulk of kid targeted nutrient advertisement promotes obesogenic merchandises that are high in added fat, salt, and sugar ( p.2 ) . Ethical ways used to market to kids seem to hold a negative effect, childhood fleshiness.The negative effect, the fleshiness epidemic in this instance, seem to be an consequence of straight publicizing to kids, which has made me believe of the two philosophical rule that I believe. Children need to be guided in the right way by their parents and the environmental factors around them. Childhood fleshiness involves agile and long-run hazards to physical wellness, which nutrient selling are among the suggested subscribers to the rise in fleshiness rates. Harmonizing to, Preventing Childhood Obesity, The rise in kids s fleshiness is a suspect concern, because fleshy grownups, and because corpulent kids are likely to endure from associated medical jobs earlier in life ( 1 ) . Parents should learn their kids a life style in which kids learn about the wellness benefits of nutrition and physical activity.Another philosophical rule I believe is merely something s should nt be said if it is non true. misleading person is non the truth. Ad nutrient as healthy does nt do the merchandise healthy. Dr. Kunkel said, The industry say all of the nutrient its advertises to kids under its self-regulatory enterprise are healthy but my independent analysis use U.S. authorities nutritionary criterions, say more than two of every three advertised merchandises autumn in the poorest nutritionary class ( p.3 ) .They can easy be persuaded and be guided in the incorrect way, into believing something that is non true. The nutritionary facts that is included and excluded in a merchandise should be clearly established. Even the simplest advertizements can be misunderstood easy.Childs can be persuaded into the demand of the poorest nutritionary nutrients. Therefore, I wish to stand by the kids on this issue. Dr. Kun kel said, ample research I have conducted since 2005 shows that prior to the coming of self-regulating, 84 % of all nutrients advertised on telecasting to kids were merchandises in the poorest nutritionary class, which consist largely of extremely sugared cereals, drinks, and bites, along with fatty and salty fast nutrients ( p.3 ) . These sorts of merchandises that promoted are supposed to be consumed one time in a piece. Yet, the advertizement bureaus are barely doing an attempt. Dr. Kunkel made a statement, But my surveies show that in 2007, the proportion of nutrients marketed to kids that remained unhealthy was 79 % and in 2009 it was still a 72 % ( p.3 ) . Why would nt the advertisement bureaus switch how they direct their publicities aimed at kids? Childhood fleshiness clearly appears to be a status that is happening more often and extensively among persons in a residential district or population than is expected, this suggests an epidemic.Overall, information clearly i ndicated that fleshiness laterality in U.S. kids to upsetting sum s, but chief inquiries remain about the effects of this job. Harmonizing to Preventing Childhood Obesity, The primary concern about childhood fleshiness is its possible impact on wellbeing, non merely in childhood but into maturity, with the term well- being reflecting the commissions view that societal and emotional wellness is every bit of import as physical wellness ( 65 ) .Childhood fleshiness is associated with a broad array of upsets that affect multiple organ systems. Harmonizing to, Preventing Childhood Obesity, These upsets include high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance/insulin opposition, hepatic steatosis, cholelthiasis, sleep apnea, catamenial abnormalcies, impaired balance, and orthopaedic jobs ( 67 ) . Conditionss related to childhood fleshiness, may even go ordinary. Harmonizing to Preventing Childhood Obesity, It is possible that if the childhood fleshiness epidemic continues at its current rate, conditions related to type 2 diabetes-such as sightlessness, amputation, coronary arteria disease, shot, and kidney failure- will go ordinary in middle- elderly people ( 69 ) .Parents should educate their kids, from a immature age, about doing determinations sing dietetic consumption, so that as they get older, the kids can take on increasing duty for determinations sing the types and sums of nutrients and drinks they consume. Harmonizing to Preventing Childhood Obesity, Parents should put forward healthful nutrient picks by school-aged- kids and young person by doing a assortment of alimentary, low-energy-dense nutrients, such as fruits and veggies, available in the place ( 293 ) . Parents should advance physical activity every bit good. Harmonizing to, Preventing Childhood Obesity, Parents should advance physical activity by back uping and encouraging kids and young person to be active and drama out-of-doorss and take part in chances for physical activity ( 300 ) . So the different techniques used to market to kids so seem to lend to a negative effects.To sum up my decision, due to the philosophical rules, basically merely making the right thing, I wish to back up the kids because of the decision of the negative effects. Children do nt cognize or even understand how they are being persuaded. Parents need to learn their kids how the universe tries to pull strings person. Or else, person like the advertizement bureaus will act upon them. Ads do frequently appeal straight or indirectly to one or more assorted demands, though these are merchandises that are non portion of a healthy diet. Harmonizing to the YouTube picture I found, Frosted Flakes , Ads can act upon kids through merely arousing stimulations. Children need aid bespeaking persuasion of the psychological demands, over their ain existent psychological demands. Children need to be protected by the persuasions of the poorest advertizements aimed at appealing to the demands o f their unhealthy nutrients. The simplest advertizements can be misunderstood easy. Given that the wellness of today s kids and future coevalss is at interest we, as grownups, need to continue with all due finding and urgency.Work CitedCartere, Jason. Television, Food Marketing and Childhood Obesity. New York. Nova Science Publishers, Inc. 2009. PrintClifford, Stephanie. A attractive Line When Ads and Children Mix. New York Times 15 Feb. 2010 4. paper Source Plus. Web. 6 Oct. 2012.Encyclopedia of Obesity. Gen. Ed. Kathleen Keller. Los Angeles Sage Plublications 2008. Print.Griidgr. Media Bites-Frosted Flakes You Tube, 13 April 2009. Web. 10 October 2012.Institute of Medicine ( U.S. ) . Committee on Prevention of Obesity in the Youth Preventing childhood fleshiness wellness in the balance. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC 2005.Julie L. Gerberding. Marketing Food To Children. FDCH Congressional Testimony ( n.d. ) Newspaper Source Plus. Web. 10 Oct. 2012.Kunkel, Dale. Food Marketing And Chrildrens Health. FDCH Congressional Testimony ( n.d. ) October 12, 2011.Newspaper Source Plus. Web. 10 Oct. 2012.

Piaget vs. Jung

Piaget *Missing Works Cited* Piaget work has received instauration wide acclaim and recognition , as hygienic as having a substantiating impact in beas much(prenominal) as education and social curricula. Though he had made an impact on at a lower placestanding of the pincer cognitive ontogeny , his scheme of cognitive organic evolution has suffered a gigantic deal of critics that it neglects the social nature of human development. (Hook, Watts and Cockroft ,2002). So the following essay provide discuss on whether this critic is valid or not ground on detail discussion of Piaget theory.The theory of Vygotsky sh each(prenominal) ilkwise be discussed to prove that indeed social factors nobble a part . Piaget theory of cognitive development neglects the influence of social factors on child cognitive development. (Hook et al ,2002)As stated by Hook et al (2002,p. 190)in agreement with critics like Piaget theory gave insufficient economic aid to the flairs in which child ren social interaction with their sibling or parents may influence their cognitive development .Justification of this critic is provided by the fact that Piaget (1952)saw children as lone scientist who sought to understand and build knowledge of their remote world by dint of interaction with the world . According to Piaget as stated in Siegel &Brainerd(1978)cognitive development depend on ii factors , internal maturation and external maturation . That is children are in fit of information some tasks until they reached a certain age When considering cognitive development , Piaget focuses on the mental processes that occur, rather than on the actual measure of the cognitive development.Clearly vindication to this critic of insufficient has been provided by the fact that Piaget sees children as the lone scientists who sought to understand and build knowledge of their external world their interaction with it (Hooketal ,2002). According to Piaget (1960)children actively construct t heir induce cognitive world , he likewise stated that information is not just poured into children minds from the environment . Clearly this critic of insufficient attention to social factors was justified .According to Piaget (1952)as stated in Hook et al (2002p180)much of what child learns begin by accident The child accidentally performs some action , perceives it , like it and then repeats the action assimilating it into her or his existing schemes . The above quotation provides evidence that Piaget theory neglected social factors that plays a reference on cognitive development of the child. Piaget devised four stages of development spanning from birth to adolescence.The stages progress in an invariant sequence, a child moves systematically through with(predicate) stages and advancement into the conterminous stage depends on the mastery of the proceeding one (1952) The succession of stages involves the movement through that four stages. According to Piaget (1952) Children m ust move through these stages during their childhood. These include Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concreteoperational, and ceremonious operational. Stage movement is an important factor of Piagets definition of cognitive development, because Piaget (1960) states that there are a specific set of criteria that must be met and mastered at each stage.In order to move from the first stage to the next, the child must master that specific set of criteria. (Siegel & Brainerd,1978) One may argue that Piaget uses biological approach, or biological adaption to discuss the cognitive development of the child. This includes our reflexes which occur when certain stimuli trigger an instinctive response. Piaget theory explains how child cognitive develops through an intellectual restrictive process geared by adaption to the environment. (Siegel & Brainerd,1978).During this on going relationship with the environment the child exhibits certain organisations based upon assimilation, the taking in pro cess of pay put up, filling sweet encounters and fitting them into existing schemes, and accommodation , the reaction of the individual who encounters new stimu slows that are not consistent with existingschemes and so the person must change their scheme to accept or accommodate the new information(Hook et al, 2002,Siegel& brainerd, Piaget ,1960,Tryphon & voneche,1996 ,1978) .Piaget mat that a fumble is an active and curious organism, that reaches out and seeks to regulate a symmetry between assimilation and accommodation. This balance is what Piaget describes as equilibrium. Piaget considered the process of equilibrium an important factor in the cognitive growth and development of a child. (Piaget , 1952) This was the ground were he was criticize because he state that children must be allowed to do their own discipline(Piaget,1952).Lourenco & Machado (1996)in defense of Piaget theory realized that Piaget has took into consideration the fact that humans progressively deve lop or mature to high states of cognitive development and realized that children acquire knowledge transmitted by parents, teachers ,and books, Piaget called this social transmission. Piaget entrustd that when a child hears contradictory statements that challenge established schemes, equilibrium is disturbed. Piaget called such(prenominal) a disruption in equilibrium cognitive negate or disequilibrium.When children experience cognitive conflict they set out in search of an retort that allow for enable them to achieve states of equilibrium. (Lourenco & Machado,1996) Justification of this critique was likewise provided by Vygotsky theory of development . Vygotsky (1929) believes that adults and childs peers are involved in determine cognitive development of the child. As stated by Vygotsky (1929) through social activities a child learns cultural tools and social inventions . These according to Vygotsky (1929) includes language, rules and counting.Vygotsky theory is one theory that has provided justification to the critics that Piaget gave insufficient attention to social factors. Mentioned on the second page Piaget (1952) contended that cognitive development is constructed into four stages . The following paragraph will examine each stage individually focusing on social factors that he ignore on each and every stage. The sensorimotor stage is the first of the four stages Piaget uses to prepare cognitive development. Piaget designated the first two years of an infants life as the sensorimotor stage.During this period, infants are busy discovering relationships between their bodies and the environment. Researchers affirm discovered that infants have relatively well demonstrable sensory abilities. The child relies on seeing, touching, sucking, notion, and using their senses to learn things around themselves and the environment. Piaget calls this the sensorimotor stage because the early manifestations of intelligence appear from sensory perceptions and motor activities. by dint of countless informal experiments, infants develop the excogitation of separate selves, that is, the infant realizes that the external world is not an extension of themselves.According to Piaget(1952)Infants at this stage realize that an intent bath be moved by a hand and develop notions of displacement and events. An important discovery during the latter part of the sensorimotor stage is the concept of object permanence. Object permananceis the awareast northeastss that an object continues to exist even when it is not in view. In vernal infants, when a toy is covered by a piece of paper, the infant immediately stops and appears to lose fill in the toy. After a child has mastered the concept of object permanence, the emergence of say groping begins to take place. With directed groping, the child egins to perform motor experiments in order to see what will happen. (Hook et al, 2002) During directed groping, a child will alter his movements to observ e how the results will differ. The child learns to use new means to achieve an end. The child discovers he tooshie pull objects toward himself with the aid of a stick or string, or tilt objects to get them through the bars of his playpen(Hook et al,2002). The concrete operational stage is the third stage in Piagets theory. This stage typically occurs between the ages of 7 and 12(Hook et al , 2002) During this stage, the child begins to reason logically, and organise thoughts coherently.However, they can only think rough actual physical objects, they cannot handle abstract reasoning. This stage is in any case characterized by a loss of egocentric thinking. During this stage, the child has the ability to master well-nigh types of conservation experiments, and begins to understand reversibility. (Piaget 1952,Maier,1978 and Hook et al , 2002). The concrete operational stage is also characterized by the childs ability to coordinate two dimensions of an object simultaneously, arrange structures in sequence, and transpose differences between items in a series.The formal operational stage is the one-fourth and final stage in Piagets theory. It begins at approximately 11 to 12 years of age, and continues throughout adulthood, although Piaget does point out that some people may neer reach this stage of cognitive development. The formal operational stage is characterized by the ability to formulate hypotheses and systematically test them to arrive at an answer to a problem. The individual in the formal stage is also able to think abstractly and to understand the form or structure of a mathematical problem. another(prenominal) characteristic of the individual is their ability to reason contrary to fact.That is, if they are given a statement and asked to use it as the basis of an argument they are fitted of accomplishing the task. For example, they can deal with the statement what would happen if snow were black. Mental hospital in Zurich, a famous medical hospital. He studied under Eugen Bleuler, who was a famous psychiatrist who defined schizophrenia. Jung was also influenced by Freud with whom he later became good friends. Freud called him his crown-prince. Their relationship ended when Jung wrote a book called Symbols of Transformation. Jung disagreed with Freuds undamental idea that a symbol is a disguised representation of a repressed wish. I will go into that later. After splitting up with Freud, Jung had a 2 year period of non- productivity, but then he came out with his Psychological Types, a famous work. He went on several trips to learn about primitive societies and archetypes to Africa, unused Mexico to study Pueblo Indians, and to India and Ceylon to study eastern philosophy. He studied religious and occult beliefs like I Ching, a Chinese method of fortune telling. Alchemy was also one of his interests.His book, Psychology and Alchemy, published in 1944 is among his most important writings. He studied what all this told about th e human mind. One of his methods was word association, which is when a person is given a series of words and asked to respond to them. Abnormal response or hesitation can mean that the person has a complex about that word. His staple fiber belief was in complex or analytical psychology. The goal is psychosynthesis, or the unification and differentiation of the psyche (mind). He believed that the mind started out as a whole and should stay that way.That answered structural, dynamic, developmental questions. I will attempt to restate the major ideas and terms in this book in a pseudo- outline. It will make the understanding a bit more clear. STRUCTURE DYNAMICS The psyche . There are some channels into the psyche through which ene rgy can enter in form of experiences. If the psyche were a totally closed systems, it could reach a state of perfect balance, for it would not be subjected to dissonance from the outside. The slightest stimulus may have far-reaching consequences on ones m ental stability.This shows that it is not the amount of energy that is added, but the disruptive cause that the added energy produces inwardly the psyche. These disruptive effects are caused by massive redistributions of energy within the system. It takes only the slightest pressure on the trigger of a loaded gun to cause a capacious disaster. Similarly, it may take only the slightest addition of energy to an unstable psyche to produce large effects in a persons behavior. Psychic energy is also called Libido. It is not to be confused with Freuds definition of libido. Jung did not restrict libido to sexual energy as Freud did.In fact, this is one of the essential differences in the theories of the two men. It can be classified as actual or potential pull ins that perform psychological work. It is often expressed in desires and wants for objects. The values for things are cabalistic in complexes. The psyche is always active, yet it is still very difficult for people to accept thi s view of a continuously active psyche, because there is a immobile tendency to equate psychical activity with conscious activity. Jung, as well as Freud, hammered away at this misconception, but it persists even today.The source of psychic energy is derived from ones instincts and diverted into other uses. Like a waterfall is used to create energy, you have to use your instincts to turn into energy as well. Otherwise, just like the waterfall, your instincts are completely fruitless. For example, if you think that to get a beautiful wife, you have to be rich, so you direct your sexual drive into a business persona, which will bring you money. There are two principles of psychic dynamics. What happens to all that energy? 1. Principle of Equivalence. Energy is not created nor destroyed.If it leaves something, it has to surface. For example, if a child devoted a round of energy to reading comics, it might be redirected into a different persona, som ething like being Mr. Cool Dude He then will loose interest in reading comics. Energy also has an inclination to carry tendencies of its source to its destination. 2. Principle of Entropy. Energy usually flows from high to low. If you have a highly developed structure (persona, for example), instead of equalizing, it may start drawing values from other systems to boost itself even higher.Such highly energized systems have a tendency to go BOOOOM So, entropy can destroy those high energy systems if they get too big. The operation of the entropy principle results in an equilibrium of forces. Just like two bodies of different temperatures touching each other would soon equalize temperatures. The hotter one will transfer heat to the cooler one. Once a balance is reached in your psyche, according to Jung, it will be then difficult to disturb. Tho se two principles influence the following Progression and Regression.Progression is the advance of psychological adaptation. For example, if you assume a shadow (creativity, per haps), you will try to develop one. When conflicting traits loose power, your psyche enters regression. Say, your persona and shadow are in opposition and because they are in opposition, they both would be suppressed, because neither would get enough libido, or energy. DEVELOPMENT During this stage, an individual establishes his/her position in life. His vocation and marriage partner are determined.A person usually uses his Anima and Shadow to decide those things. Values are channeled into his establishment in the outside world. Once one is independent, even a small experience can influence him considerablely. The Middle Age is the one often neglected by psychiatrists. Lots of people have problems in this stage. They usually dont know what to do with the energy left over that was devoted to establishing positions in society as youth. As the principle of entropy suggests, the energy is conserved, so once an adult throw it to use, he must redirect it elsewhere.Jung stated that thos e left-over energies can be usefully diverted into spiritual contemplation and expansion. nothing much happens in old age. plurality have so much energy of experiences in their psyche that even a major experience wont upset their psychological balance. Often, society will force people to assume prefered types. Types are categories of classifications of psyches which are non-absolute and have no definite boundaries. There are eight types. Types are combinations of functions and attitudes (page 3). The following are the eight main types 1.Extraverted Thinking Type. This type of man elevates objective thinking into the ruling cash in ones chipsion of his life. He is typified by the scientist who devotes his energy to learning as much as he can about the objective world. The most developed extraverted thinker is an Einstein. 2. Introverted Thinking Type. This type is inward-directed in his thinking. He is exemplified by the philosopher or existential psychologist who seeks to unders tand the reality of his own being. He may eventually break his ties with reality and become schizophrenic. 3. Extraverted Feeling Type.This type, which Jung observes is more frequently strand in women, subordinates thinking to feeling. 4. Introverted Feeling Type. This type is also more commonly found among women. Unlike their extraverted sisters, introverted feeling persons keep their feelings hidden from the world. 5. Extraverted Sensation Type. People of this type, mainly men, take an interest in accumulating facts about the external world. They are realistic, practical, and hardheaded, but they are not particularly refer about what things mean. 6. Introverted Sensation Type. Like all introverts, the introverted ensation type stands aloof from external objects, immersing himself in his own psychic sensations. He considers the world to be banal and uninteresting. 7. Extraverted Intuitive Type. People of this type, commonly women, are characterized by flightiness and instability. They jump from situation to situation to discover new possibilities in the external world. They are always looking for new worlds to conquer before they have conquered old ones. 8. Introverted Intuitive Type. The artist is a representative of this type, but it also contains dreamers, prophets, visionaries, and cranks.He usually thinks of himself as a misunderstood genius. Variations in the degree to which each of the attitudes and functions are consciously developed or remain unconscious and budding can produce a wide range of differences among individuals. This book is an extremely valuable source of thought provoking logic. Jung wrote with common sense, passion, and compassion, and the reader experiences a assault of recognition he will recognize truths he has known, but which he has not been able to express in words.This book made me think about myself, and people in general. How peoples minds work, including my own. I found a lot of truth or at least I though I did in Jungs t eachings. I could relate some of the reading material to elements studied in class. One will be astounded by the number of Jungs ideas that anticipated those of later writers. many a(prenominal) of the new trends in psychology and related fields are indebted to Jung, who first gave them their direction. The book is also interesting, because of its challenging nature.I suppose that not all people would enjoy reading such type of literature, since many people in this world are sensational types. I certainly did enjoy it, and have found out some things about myself in the process. The book is very well written. It has many good analogies and explanations which even the most sensational type would understand. The prayer of information is tremendous. There is so much information bundled in 130 pages, that it makes you think that 500 pages would not be enough to really explain profoundly the subject matter.This book can be faultlessly us ed as a textbook, which could prove to be saluta ry in psychology classes. I strongly recommend reading this book to all audiences that want to. A person, content with the world around him, not wishing to challenge the puzzles of nature, should not. This book is a treasure for all who seek to explore the human mind. Our personality traits come in opposites. We think of ourselves as optimistic or pessimistic, independent or dependent, delirious or unemotional, adventurous or cautious, leader or follower, aggressive or passive.Many of these are inborn temperament traits, but other characteristics, such as feeling either competent or inferior, appear to be learned, based on the challenges and support we receive in growing up. The man who did a great deal to explore this concept is Erik Erikson. Although he was influenced by Freud, he believed that the ego exists from birth and that behavior is not totally defensive. Based in part on his study of Sioux Indians on a reservation, Erikson became aware of the massive influence of culture on behavior and placed more emphasis on the external world, such as depression and wars.He felt the course of development is determined by the interaction of the body (genetic biological programming), mind (psychological), and cultural (ethos) influences. He organised life into eight stages that extend from birth to death (many developmental theories only cover childhood). Since adulthood covers a span of many years, Erikson divided the stages of adulthood into the experiences of young adults, middle aged adults and older adults. bit the actual ages may vary considerably from one stage to another, the ages seem to be appropriate for the majority of people.Eriksons basic philosophy might be said to rest on two major themes (1) the world gets bigger as we go along and (2) failure is cumulative. While the first point is fairly obvious, we might take exception to the last. True, in many cases an individual who has to deal with horrendous circumstances as a child may be unable to nego tiate later stages as easily as someone who didnt have as many challenges early on. For example, we know that orphans who werent held or stroked as infants have an extremely hard time connecting with others when they become adults and have even died from lack of human contact.However, theres always the chance that somewhere along the way the strength of the human spirit can be ignited and deficits overcome. Therefore, to give you an idea of another developmental concept, be sure to see Stages of Growth for Children and Adults, based on Pamela Levines work. She saw development as a spiraling cycle rather than as stages through which we pass, never to visit again. As you read through the following eight stages with their sets of opposites, notice which strengths you identify with most and those you need to work on some more. . Infancy Birth to 18 Months Ego Development exit Trust vs. Mistrust Basic strength Drive and Hope Erikson also referred to infancy as the Oral Sensory Stage (as anyone might who watches a baby put everything in her mouth) where the major emphasis is on the mothers positive and loving care for the child, with a big emphasis on visual contact and touch. If we pass successfully through this period of life, we will learn to trust that life is basically okay and have basic confidence in the future.If we fail to experience trust and are constantly frustrated because our needs are not met, we may end up with a deep-seated feeling of worthlessness and a mistrust of the world in general. Incidentally, many studies of suicides and suicide attempts point to the importance of the early years in developing the basic belief that the world is accepted and that every individual has a right to be here. Not surprisingly, the most significant relationship is with the maternal parent, or whoever is our most significant and constant caregiver. . premature Childhood 18 Months to 3 eld Ego Development Outcome Autonomy vs. Shame Basic Strengths Self-control, C ourage, and Will During this stage we learn to master skills for ourselves. Not only do we learn to walk, talk and feed ourselves, we are learning finer motor development as well as the much apprehended toilet training. Here we have the opportunity to build self-esteem and autonomy as we gain more control over our bodies and acquire new skills, learning right from wrong.And one of our skills during the Terrible Twos is our ability to use the powerful word NO It may be pain for parents, but it develops important skills of the will. It is also during this stage, however, that we can be very vulnerable. If were shamed in the process of toilet training or in learning other important skills, we may feel great shame and doubt of our capabilities and suffer low self-esteem as a result. The most significant relationships are with parents. 3. Play Age 3 to 5 Years Ego Development Outcome Initiative vs. GuiltBasic Strength Purpose During this period we experience a desire to copy the adults around us and take initiative in creating play situations. We make up stories with Barbies and Kens, toy phones and miniature cars, playing out roles in a trial universe, experimenting with the blueprint for what we believe it means to be an adult. We also begin to use that wonderful word for exploring the worldWHY? While Erikson was influenced by Freud, he downplays biological sexuality in favor of the psychosocial features of conflict between child and parents.Nevertheless, he said that at this stage we usually become involved in the classic Oedipal assay and nail down this struggle through social role identification. If were frustrated over natural desires and goals, we may easily experience guilt. The most significant relationship is with the basic family. 4. take aim Age 6 to 12 Years Ego Development Outcome Industry vs. Inferiority Basic Strengths Method and Competence During this stage, often called the Latency, we are capable of learning, creating and accomplishing num erous new skills and knowledge, thus developing a sense of industry.This is also a very social stage of development and if we experience unresolved feelings of deficiency and inferiority among our peers, we can have serious problems in terms of competence and self-esteem. As the world expands a bit, our most significant relationship is with the school and neighborhood. Parents are no longer the complete authorities they once were, although they are still important. 5. Adolescence 12 to 18 Years Ego Development Outcome Identity vs. intention Confusion Basic Strengths Devotion and Fidelity Up to this stage, according to Erikson, development mostly depends upon what is done to us.From here on out, development depends primarily upon what we do. And while adolescence is a stage at which we are neither a child nor an adult, life is definitely getting more complex as we attempt to find our own identity, struggle with social interactions, and grapple with moral issues. Our task is to disc over who we are as individuals separate from our family of origin and as members of a wider society. Unfortunately for those around us, in this process many of us go into a period of withdrawing from responsibilities, which Erikson called a moratorium. And if we are unsuccessful in navigating this stage, we will experience role confusion and upheaval. A significant task for us is to establish a philosophy of life and in this process we tend to think in terms of ideals, which are conflict free, rather than reality, which is not. The problem is that we dont have much experience and find it easy to substitute ideals for experience. However, we can also develop strong devotion to friends and causes. It is no strike that our most significant relationships are with peer groups. 6. Young adulthood 18 to 35Ego Development Outcome Intimacy and Solidarity vs. Isolation Basic Strengths railroad tie and Love In the initial stage of being an adult we seek one or more companions and love. As we try to find mutually agreeable relationships, primarily through marriage and friends, we generally also begin to start a family, though this age has been pushed back for many couples who today dont start their families until their late thirties. If negotiating this stage is successful, we can experience intimacy on a deep level. If were not successful, isolation and distance from others may occur.And when we dont find it easy to create real relationships, our world can begin to shrink as, in defense, we can feel superior to others. Our significant relationships are with marital partners and friends. 7. Middle Adulthood 35 to 55 or 65 Ego Development Outcome Generativity vs. Self absorption or Stagnation Basic Strengths Production and Care Now work is most crucial. Erikson observed that middle-age is when we tend to be occupied with creative and meaningful work and with issues surrounding our family. Also, middle adulthood is when we can expect to be in charge, the role weve longe r envied.The significant task is to perpetuate culture and transmit values of the culture through the family (taming the kids) and working to establish a stable environment. Strength comes through care of others and production of something that contributes to the betterment of society, which Erikson calls generativity, so when were in this stage we often fear inactivity and meaninglessness. As our children leave home, or our relationships or goals change, we may be faced with major life changesthe mid-life crisisand struggle with finding new meanings and purposes.If we dont get through this stage successfully, we can become self-absorbed and stagnate. Significant relationships are within the workplace, the community and the family. 8. Late Adulthood 55 or 65 to Death Ego Development Outcome Integrity vs. Despair Basic Strengths Wisdom Erikson felt that much of life is preparing for the middle adulthood stage and the last stage is recovering from it. Perhaps that is because as older adults we can often look back on our lives with happiness and are content, feeling fulfilled with a deep sense that life has meaning and weve made a contribution to life, a feeling Erikson calls integrity.Our strengt h comes from a wisdom that the world is very large and we now have a detached concern for the whole of life, accepting death as the completion of life. On the other hand, some adults may reach this stage and despair at their experiences and perceived failures. They may fear death as they struggle to find a purpose to their lives, wondering Was the trip worth it? Alternatively, they may feel they have all the answers (not unlike going back to adolescence) and end with a strong dogmatism that only their view has been correct.

Drama Essay: A Review of “Spring Awakening” Essay

I will be reviewing the play titled, Spring awaken by Fred Wedekind. This play was produced by The Department of Performing Arts and Humanities of the School of Liberal Arts at and directed by Robert W. Oppel. I cut the play on March 20th Q Building Theatre. The play was excellent and exceeded all expectations due to the professional management the story was presented.Spring Awakening is a musical concerning teenagers who explore their individual sexuality while living in an oppressive culture. The setting takes place in a religious, rural town in Germany during the latish 19th century. It contains issues of sexuality, religion, and education, but also exposes the barriers between adults and children. Parents are supposedly religious however, they mistreat their children. In addition, they make puberty more confusing by forbidding their children to ask questions about their sexuality or discuss sex in general. Other topics included shame, gender, and authorities. The play also sh ows the consequences for rebelling against what society considers moral and acceptable.thither are three main actors playing principle roles. Sinead Fahey, a newcomer to the Theatre at CCBC, played the part of Wendla. Her overall performance was terrific. She sang beautifully, locomote gracefully, and gave a strong performance throughout the play. Sinead was well cast and believable in her role. James Baxter, who played the part of Melchior, is a returning performer at CCBC. James played his part well, but seemed slightly reserved in his percentage. It appeared he was non quite as passionate as he could befool been. However, he moved and sang well and still delivered a solid performance. James was fairly well cast and somewhat believable in his role. The character Moritz was played by Christopher H. Zargarbashi. He graduated from Towson University with a degree in acting. Christophers performance was excellent and thoroughly entertaining to watch. Christopher was accurate in the way he conveyed Moritzs intense and nervous personality. He was well cast and extremely believable while playing his part.The play contains an edgy, noteworthy innovation. Mixing the late 19th century era with modern sidereal day features appears fresh and original. For instance, when the performers speak in the play, they are in character during the late 19th century, yet execute modern day singers during the musical numbers. Additionally, all the characters in the play dress in the appropriate 19th century attire, whereas the ensemble dresses in modern day clothing. Furthermore, the proper diction is a contrast to the music which exhibits profanity and modern day themes. It is a unique and creative way to express the story. Robert W. Oppel, did an adequate strain of directing the play.This is evident in the way that the performers methodically, yet naturally move. For example, when the characters touch or interact physically, it is not d adept in an awkward style, but in smal l stages and relaxed. Even when they remove their microphones from their clothing, it is executed in a natural manner. There are many times when the characters remain perfectly still and do not move at all during a scene. It was an amazing and genuine display of talent. Certainly, the theme of Spring Awakening could be relevant to anyone. Oppression and topics such as child abuse, rape, suicide, abortion, and homo-sexuality will always exist.Hence, the play evokes the audiences empathy by depicting these personal struggles among the youth living in the 19th century. In essence, I definitely enjoyed the play and was thrilled with the overall experience of live theater. I was skeptical at first about whether I would like the story, but was cheerily surprised and blown away by what I saw. I would highly recommend this play to others, especially young adults and adults who are looking for a grow storyline. I would most certainly say I gained a respect for live theater. I give credit t o everyone involved, especially the actors and actresses. They have only one chance to get it right and hold the courage to perform in front of a live audience.

Importance of Strategic Planing and Management Paper

Importance of strategic Planning and concern in the Business Paper Artim Toska Bus 475 work on 29, 2010 Introduction This paper lead describe a small seam I may want to start, define strategic anxiety and be after, and develop wherefore a strategic plan would be most-valuable to the triumph of this business. Also, it entrust explain the four functions of management relative to creating and follow throughing a strategic plan. Strategic management & Planning In a competitive business world, it is important to have your business prosper for it to overcome the challenges it may encounter.The direction (and future) of a small business has extreme challenges in an economy that lags, but croup be overcome with the flop strategic mananagent ideas and planning. A small business that I would like to start would be a pecuniary business that would deliver short-term capital to small working and expanding companies. I believe this business would put up profits in an economy that has been ailing small businesses. Small businesses would welcome my services since they toilet not (or find it difficult) to finance their business when banks be not giving them the capital they need to remodel or have their business survive.Strategic management is planning your business at the highest possible level. This would be the responsibleness of the companys leader (or leaders) to focus on building a solid structure to that business (All business, 2010). This structure will be hinged on the effort of all(prenominal) employee that is hired. Also, strategic management helps answer what are the objectives of the business, the best procedure in achieving these objectives, and what are the resources that are needed to make that happen (All business, 2010). Strategic planning determines the direction that an organization will be eaded over the next year or more, and how it will fetch there (McNamara, 2010). Usually, the process is throughout the organization and focuses on a major function as division, department, or other important functions. A strategic plan includes several levels (or steps) in the process (the order of these levels can be orientated towards the satisfactory of the organization for success). One can view strategic planning as strategic analysis. This would include a review of the organizations environment (economical, social, technical ).Also, establishing a strategic direction is a major activity in strategic planning. Organizers would conclude what the company needs to do with the issues and opportunities that are cladding the organization (McNamara, 2010). This would include what strategic goals the company needs to achieve, and methods to achieve accomplishments. Also, action planning can be looked as strategic planning. Action planning helps view how strategic goals will be attained, and includes specifying objective results with each strategic goal (McNamara, 2010).Strategic Plan & Success A strategic plan would be important to the success of my business because it would form the companys strategy and communicate it through the organization for performance. This implementation would help provide the companys mission and reason for being (this would be expressed though a mission statement). This would help the companys image with customers. Also, it would help shape the company scar and how to distribute that successfully to consumers.Also, a strategic plan would help the company adapt an earnings ontogenesis that will be monitored for sustainability in growth (it would help to establish what businesses to target). Also, the plan would help in the success of the business by establishing a marketing scheme. This would help explain to potential customers how the business would provide financial aid to their business that is in need of our service, with their economical and social environment (it would entail us as a life line for a business that is struggling and in need of help). Four Functions of Ma nagementThe four functions of management are important in creating and implementing a successful strategic plan. The four functions of management are planning, organizing, leading, and controlling (Rothbauer-Wanish, 2009). Planning helps create in a strategic plan what are the organizations goals, and how those goals can be achieved (developing objectives for the goal and monitor on the execution of the plan are essential in the planning). Also, organizing helps implement a successful strategic plan by helping me know the amount of employees needed to provide the success of the business (Rothbauer-Wanish, 2009).Leading helps implement a strategic plan by my motivation to employees that will help in their performance. Also, controlling helps implement a successful strategic plan by monitoring companys goals the organization want to achieve. Conclusion This paper defined strategic management and planning, explained why a strategic plan would be important to the success of this busines s, and explained the four functions of management relative to creating and implementing a strategic plan.Resources All Business, (2010). What is Strategic Management? Retrieved March 29, 2010, from http//www. allbusiness. com/management/2975129-1. html McNamara, C. (2010). Basic Descriptions of Strategic Planning. Retrieved March 29, 2010, from http//managementhelp. org/plan_dec/str_plan/basics. htm Rothbauer-Wanish, H. (2009). Four Functions of Management. Retrieved March 29, 2010, from http//businessmanagement. suite101. com/article. cfm/four_functions_of_management

Henkie Essay

6.1 Lehman Brothers Lehman Brothers was one of the important casualties of the US end of the global financial crisis that began in 2007. The US Government, fearing the loss of confidence in the financial markets bai conduct out Fannie May and Freddie Mac, AIG, and some other financial ecesiss. But when it came to Lehman Brothers, then the fourth largest investment posit in the US, the Government refused to support and the bank filed for bankruptcy. Whether this was a sound decision is, probably, not the subject for this showcase though that decision did precipitate a lot of subsequent chores.Rather the case has been written to take discussion about the domination of a major institution by one man Richard S. Fuld younger The case claims that Lehman Brothers was dominated by Richard S. Fuld Jr. Was this desirable? What steps could expect been taken to avoid it? Who could have initiated these steps? The discussion should raise questions where was the board, particularly the in dependent outside directors? Did they understand the risks involved in the credit line model being pursued by the CEO? Were they acquiescent, pliable, too-trusting, or dominated by the man who was hot seat of the board, chairman of the decision maker committee, and CEO? Where was the audit committee, indeed, where were the auditors? Where was the nomination committee, which should have been considering board structure and membership? Indeed, where was anyone loose of standing up to Fuld?The second issue concerns the directors ages. Certainly umpteen of them had relevant past experience, but many were old. True, some old people can contribute significantly to board discussions from the experience, knowledge and wisdom. But others send packing with age. The Lehmans board lacked a balance.The third question is it possible for the research analysts of a financial institution to give independent investment advice to clients about a company when the financial institution has an int erest in that company? can generate an important discussion that corporate regulators still struggle to control6.2 The reciprocal ohm AG case 1. What might Kleinfeld have done to avoid resigning? Given the apparent cultural wreck between Kleinfelds apparent Anglo-Saxon approach to tough-minded management and the more socially-concerned German supervisory board perspective, there might have been little he could do, other than, perhaps, communicating more tight with the labour and financial members of the supervisory board.In fact, subsequent rumours about the situation surfaced, which suggested there was more to the problem than a clash of expectations. Students might be able to unearth more information from press reports.6.3 capital of Japan Electric Power and the disaster at Fukushima Daiichi This case exemplifies how a company can report confidently that it has satisfied all the required corporate politics criteria and yet have serious governance flaws that led to a serious p roblem becoming a catastrophe. 1. Did the structure of the board contribute to the failures? The board was large, executive and lacking any sense of independent outside directors. This is typical in many well-established Japanese companies, as we will see in this chapter. Attempts by the Japanese Government and some international institutional investors, such as US CalPers, have largely failed to change attitudes in the boardroom, to where power should reside and who should be promoted to the board.2. How do you account for the discrepancies between the companys alleged concern for corporate governance on its website and the catastrophic failure? This was a company that apparently did not accept the significance of professional corporate governance thinking, but went through the motions to satisfy the regulators and stock market investors.3. What advice would you give to the chairman of TEPCO? Encourage the students to appreciate the individualized and cultural aspects of the sit uation. Replace the board with a majority of independent directors is not a satisfactory answer. This is not the US or the UK. There is no tradition of independent directors, it runs contrary to many top executive beliefs. Moreover, where are these INEDs to come from? Pressure from institutional investors to resign might work but there has to be a replacement. Alternatively, consulting advice, mentoring, attitude changing activities, experience on other boards could all be among the ideas suggested.6.4 The TYCO case What should a board do to ensure that a CEO does not treat the company as a private fiefdom? Recognize that the CEO probably played a major part in the particular date of the other directors. Furthermore, resignation from the board may have little effect on the CEOs behaviour. This is another corporate governance classic. The challenge to students is to go beyond normative generalisations about how boards should be conventional and how directors should behave. They need to realize that personalities really matter. As in many corporate governance sagas mentioned in the textbook, aright people can exercise considerable charisma, influence and authority over others particularly if they have chosen them themselves. What was required was a group of INEDs who would insist on knowing what was going on, and if dissatisfied stand up to the CEO/chairman. If appropriate, this case can be explored further from a legal aspect to see what offences Kozlowski committed.