Concept Analysis of Pain

Concept Analysis of throe Kwanei Holloway Austin Peay State University Abstr snatch b other(a)ation has always been a study fixings in health care. This paper lead severalise ache as it relates to nursing, medicine, and tangible therapy. All of the information gathered is analyzed in cite to how throe relates to hospital stay, rehabilitation, and pr dismantletion. I will last give an boilersuit picture of the importance of throe and how it relates to nursing as well as other disciplines. Introduction This paper is a concept analysis of what is cognise as the fifth vital sign PAIN.As stated by Hsiao, Wu, & adenine subgenus Chen (2013), Nursing staff are the major(ip) group of healthcare professionals who perform crucial functions in delivering nursing care to in affected roles. I will attempt to describe put out as it relates to nursing, medicine, and physical therapy. When selecting a concept, I began by thinking what is an of import broker in the nursing theatre o f operations and could be analyzed in more detail. throe in the ass is a factor that is perspective of differently by many. It is a very subjective factor and that applies to the forbearings, physicians, and nurtures.Yes, it is the patient that feels the anguish but it is the physician who writes the orders and the nurse who transcribes it. I thus figured that this area of nursing practice would be a broad concept to analyze. Pain is a feeling triggered in the nauseated system. Pain may be sharp or dull. It may flummox and go, or it may be constant. You may feel imposition in atomic number 53 area of your body, such as your back, abdomen or chest or you may feel painfulnessfulness alone over, such as when your muscles ache from the flu. Pain basin be helpful in diagnosing a problem.Without pain, you might seriously hurt yourself without k straighting it, or you might non realize you give birth a medical checkup checkup problem that needs treatment. one mete r you take care of the problem, pain usually goes away. However, virtuallytimes pain goes on for weeks, months or level off course of studys. This is called chronic pain. Sometimes chronic pain is ascribable to an ongoing cause, such as cigarettecer or arthritis (Pain). In the nursing field as well as any other areas of healthcare, pain is a vital factor when dealing with the delivery of care. It is the obligation of he physician to ensure relief from pain by make-up the orders, it is the responsibility of the nurse to carry out the orders and give the pain medication, and in the area of physical therapy it is their responsibility to ensure that the patient is medicated to retrieve the ruff results while in therapy. Purpose and Method The purposes are to define what pain is considered to be in relationship to the patient, nurse, physician, and physical therapist. It is overly, to find out the subjectivity of the fifth vital sign and to explore pain as it relates to hospita lization.Walker & adenosine monophosphate Avant (2005) guided this concept analysis study. Pain in Nursing near 35 million patients were discharged from U. S. hospitals in 2004 of these patients, 46 percent had a working(a) procedure and 16 percent had one or more diagnostic procedures. Pain is common, and expected, after surgery. Recent data suggest 80 percent of patients determine pain postoperatively with between 11 and 20 percent experiencing severe pain, (Wells, Pasero, & deoxyadenosine monophosphate Mcraffery, 2008).There are many contribute factors as pain relates to nursing. Pain is the main factor that contributes to a person deciding to seek medical attention. It is very important to include this as a part of an assessment because it plunder affect so many other things. It idler cause a blood pressing to be elevated, it can increase a blood glucose, and can cause an overall flexureover in the patients hospital stay or ADLs. In nursing our pop the question is to provide comfort and surrccome to the patients needs as a part of their overall care plan.As stated by Wells, Pasero, & Mcraffery, 2008, inadequately managed pain can lead to adverse physical and psychological patient outcomes for individual patients and their families. Continuous, unmitigated pain activates the pituitary-adrenal axis, which can suppress the immune system and result in postsurgical infection and poor wound healing. Pain in Medicine health check professionals have a big impact on pain as it relates to healthcare. Physicians have to gene govern a care plan that will ultimately be in the favor of the patient as far as relieving the pain in the most appropriate way.This is achieved by not fixture consciousness, normal ADLs, and in the correct combination with other medications. The board powerfully urges physicians and surgeons to view effective pain management as a postgraduate priority in all patients, including children, the elderly, and patients who are termin ally ill. Pain should be assessed and treated promptly, effectively and for as long as pain persists. The medical management of pain should be based on up-to-date familiarity about pain, pain assessment and pain treatment (Guidelines for prescribing, 2007).Nociception is the term utilize to describe the neural processes by which a noxious substance or a tissue damaging event such as surgical incision is perceived as pain (Fig 1). This is described in quartet stages, transduction, transmission, perception and modulation. Nociception involves a complex interaction between the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and fundamental nervous system (CNS) as well as an evaluation of patients pre and post-operative psychological and environmental influences (Wood, 2010). Pain in physiological TherapyDue to factors such as surgery, stroke, or basic deconditioning there is a need for rehabilitation. Physical Therapist play an essential role in the patients road to recovery. A patient-centered r ehabilitative approach that emphasizes restoration of normal doment and function incorporates physical therapy as a vital component of the collaborative approach infallible for effective pain management (Physical therapy for, 1998). Overall therapy is lessened with pain. Patients move slower and are less involved with therapy if pain is present.Therapy is put into commit to get those muscles moving and to later decrease pain as it relates to contributing factors. These factors may include surgeries (hip or knee replacements), amputations (AKA, BKA, Metatarsal, and digital), and weakness (from CVA, CABG, and decrease movements). Patients with pain perceive an equivalent level of exertion at a significantly lower level of performance, a finding accounted for by both central (cardiorespiratory) and peripheral (muscle strength and recruitment) factors.Inactivity also deprives bones, joint cartilage, and connective tissue of the mechanized stress necessary to maintain tensile and co mpressive strength and elasticity. Evidence is twist that motor control and proprioceptive efficiency are altered, balance is compromised, and answer times are slower in persons who are unfit or have pain (Physical therapy for, 1998). Essential/Critical AttributesAccording to Cheng, Foster & Huang, (2003) the critical attributes of pain include (a) unpleasant and distressful experiences originating from physical thaumaturge and having both positive and negative meanings for an individual (b) an individual human experience (c) a state of feeling in both sensation and sensation (verbal), and appearanceal components (d) physical and psychological responses to the stimulus (e) function of pain, including protective and ideal signs (f) pain responses are learned and influenced by personality, environment, emotions, social and agriculture. Model character Mrs.K is a 37 year honest-to-goodness female with recent diagnosing of face cancer. She has recently undergone a mastectomy and is now in the hospital for recovery. Upon the nurses periodical rounds she discovered Mrs. K crying, when asked what the nurse could do to help she stated that I am in pain and cant believe that I only have one breast now, Im slimed and would have never thought it would hurt this bad. The nurse consoled her and brought pain meds. When returning the patient thanked the nurse for the talk and she stated that the pain had go and she always thought she would have breast cancer collect to both her mom and grandmother having it.Related Case Mrs. T is a 35 year old female with breast soreness and discharge. She was found to only have fibroid tissue and nothing metastatic in her breast, but due to family business relationship she elected to have bilateral mastectomies. She was ordered a PCA pump due to hourly pain calls and when the nurse entered the room she was crying c/o continuous pain. She states I cant take this pain and I hate I did this. The nurse took time to talk with th e patient and informed the physician of her crying and got new orders.During the nurses hourly rounds she found her sitting up on the phone and she explained to the nurse that she feels better and glad that she had the surgery because she did not want to go through what her mother and grandmother went through with breast cancer. Contrary Case Mr. M is a 45 year old that had a motor vehicle accident when he was 20 and is now going from hospital to hospital to try to get IV pain medication. He complains of back pain but x-ray results does not sight any back issues but due to out of control behavior he is admitted and given pain medication. He refuses all by babble out pain meds and demands IV meds.He does not show any signs of pain when assessed and all staff believes him to be addicted to pain medication. A psych consult is ordered. This patient is not in true pain but has psychiatric issues. Antecedents and Consequences For this special concept the antecedents and consequences w ould be all interrelated due to the fact that in nursing, medicine, and physical therapy the same factors apply for pain. Environmental, personal and cultural values act as antecedents related to the concept of pain. The consequences of pain are related to pain reaction and the individuals own interpretation of the meaning of pain.Pain reaction has a more physical and biological focus coping with pain refers to the perception of pain and is psychologically focused (Cheng, Foster Huang, 2003). When thinking of environmental, personal, and cultural values you drive to think of things such as the patients comorbidities, what the patient perceives as pain, and in their culture how is pain thought of. In many cultures it may be thought of that you must tolerate pain as long as you can while in other cultures their pain threshold is low so any uncomfortable feeling renders a pain medication.Consequences ultimately come from the patient themselves, what is perceived as pain and their his tory of pain. For example, a patient that has had a laminectomy may think because the pain was horrific the first time that it will be the same the next time, expecting the same relief factors even if the pain is not the same. Empirical Referents Empirical Referents are stated as what it used to measure the concept. Pain is very subjective and they have until now to invent an objective test that will give you the accuracy of some ones pain. They are measured by a scaling system.Most graduated tables make pain measurable, and can tell providers whether your pain is mild, moderate or severe. They can also set baselines and trends for your pain, making it easier to find appropriate treatments. This includes the Numerical Rating shield a pare downg for a pain rating on a casing of 1-10, the Wong-Baker scale which will include facial expressions to emphasize pain, or the Verbal-rating scale and in this scale the patient must complete a questionnaire to describe their pain in more det ail (Jacques, 2010). Implications in Nursing In nursing pain is a major factor in treating the patient as it relates to the overall hospitalization.How are we able to get the blood pressure down if the patient is in constant pain? or how can I discharge a patient when they are in a lot of pain? Implications in nursing goes for all aspects of nursing from skin integrity to normal ADLs. A patient may not turn as they should because they are in the fetal position due to pain which could cause skin issues or pain will cause them not to take a bath as usual. Pain can even cause depression as it decreases normal functioning. This concept is very important in the nursing field and should be treated and assessed appropriately.Conclusion In finis I chose to analyze pain as it relates to nursing, medicine, and physical therapy. It is a major factor in that it is related to all aspects of care that is received by these disciplines. Pain is the main contributing factor that causes someone to s eek medical attention. Without pain we could have serious issues being that we would not know when were sick, burned, or injured. Pain is very important in healthcare and applies to nursing, medicine, and physical therapy. References Desai, G. , Chaturvedi, S. (2012). Pain with no cause urses perception. Indian Journal of Palliative Care, 18(3), 162. Retrieved from http//www. medknow. com Hsiao, J. L. , Wu, W. C. , & Chen , R. F. (2013). Factors of accepting pain management decision support systems by nurse anesthetists. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 13, 16. Retrieved from http//www. biomedcentral. com/bmcmedinformdecismak/ (n. d. ). Pain. Med Plus Trusted Information for You, Retrieved from http//www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/pain. hypertext markup language Walker, L. & Avant, K. (2005). Strategies for theory construction in nursing (4th ed. ).Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Wells, N. , Pasero, C. , & McCaffery, M. (2008). Improving the quality of care thr ough pain assessment and management. Patient Safety and Quality An evidence based handbook for nursing, Retrieved from http//www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/books/NBK2658/ (2007). Guidelines for prescribing controlled substances for pain. Medical Board of California, Retrieved from http//www. mbc. ca. gov/pain_guidelines. html Wood, S. (2010). Post operative pain 1 Understanding the factors affecting patients experiences of pain. Retrieved from http//www. nursingtimes. et/nursing-practice/clinical-zones/pain-management/post-operative-pain-1-understanding-the-factors-affecting-patients-experiences-of-pain/5021696. article (1998). Physical therapy for chronic pain. 6(3), Retrieved from www. iasp-pain. org/AM/TemplateRedirect. cfm? template=/CM/ Cheng, S. , Foster, R. , & Huang, C. (2003). Concept analysis of pain. Retrieved from www. tzuchi. com. tw/file/DivIntro/nursing/ fill/92-3/3. Jacques, E. (2010). Using pain scales to effectively communicate pain intensity. Can you rate your pain ? , Retrieved from http//pain. about. com/od/testingdiagnosis/a/pain_scales. htm